讀《FT·金融時(shí)報(bào)》學(xué)英語(yǔ)：不要再次辜負(fù)你的新年愿望
新年許愿不是拍拍腦門說(shuō)說(shuō)而已，它關(guān)系到行為方式的改變。無(wú)論如何，這都應(yīng)是一件極其艱巨的壯舉。
Tradition dictates that each new year is an opportunity for self-improvement.Perhaps you have designated 2017 as the annus mirabilis in which you will finally become thinner, fitter or richer.In which case, you are likely to end the year with much the same midriff, vigour and bank balance as you had in 2016.
老規(guī)矩，每逢新年都是一次自我完善的機(jī)會(huì)。也許你已指定2017年為“奇跡年”，在這劃時(shí)代的一年里，你終于要變得更瘦、更健康、更有錢。如果你確實(shí)是這么規(guī)劃的，那么到今年年底時(shí)，你的身材、體魄和銀行存款很可能還跟2016年基本一樣。
New year's resolutions are not to be undertaken lightly — and certainly should not be popped out on December 31 with the same abandon as champagne corks.That is because they are about behaviour change, which is a difficult feat to pull off at any time of the year.
新年決心是不能輕易下的，肯定不能在12月31日像香檳瓶塞一樣，“砰”地一聲冒出來(lái)。因?yàn)樗P(guān)系到改變行為方式，無(wú)論在一年中的任何時(shí)候，這都是一件難以實(shí)現(xiàn)的壯舉。
It is hard to pluck out a reliable figure about the proportion of people who stick to their good intentions, but one survey of more than 2,000 people found that 56 per cent do not.
關(guān)于有多少人能堅(jiān)持自己的美好愿望，很難找出一個(gè)可信數(shù)據(jù)，不過(guò)一項(xiàng)對(duì)2000多人的調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)56%的人都做不到。
This should not be surprising.We have all had ample opportunity over the past 12 months to reflect on our shortcomings, with few of us managing to achieve desirable change earlier.Why this inertia should suddenly dissolve in January has always puzzled me, which is why my new year's resolution is usually not to make any.
這沒(méi)什么好驚訝的。我們每個(gè)人在過(guò)去12個(gè)月都有大把機(jī)會(huì)去反省自己的缺點(diǎn)，但鮮少有人能努力提前完成理想轉(zhuǎn)變。為什么這種懶惰會(huì)在1月份突然消失？我總是對(duì)此感到困惑，這就是為什么我通常不制定任何新年計(jì)劃。
It is not that my life does not require betterment — but, to a certain degree, I lack willpower.It is this precious commodity that is seen as key to whether the resolutions made on January 1 are adhered to.
倒不是說(shuō)我的生活不需要改善，不過(guò)就某種程度而言，我缺乏意志力。人們認(rèn)為這一可貴的品質(zhì)正是新年計(jì)劃能否堅(jiān)持的關(guān)鍵。
Permanently overcoming my sweet tooth would be a resolution doomed to failure.Instead, I try to occasionally eschew a biscuit with my morning coffee.From such modest ambitions are minor triumphs fashioned.
徹底戒掉我對(duì)甜食的嗜好，這一目標(biāo)注定失敗。取而代之，我試著早上喝咖啡時(shí)偶爾戒一塊餅干。通過(guò)此類適度目標(biāo)，達(dá)成一些小小的改變。
Psychologists have long thought willpower was a finite resource that should be expended judiciously, on life's most important challenges.Newer studies, however, are less confident about this assertion, implying that we may possess the capacity to be strong-willed in all aspects of life, from diet and health through to jobs and relationships.
心理學(xué)家長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)一直認(rèn)為意志力是一種有限的資源，應(yīng)該審慎地用在人生中最重要的挑戰(zhàn)上。但最新研究對(duì)這一論斷沒(méi)那么確信，這意味著我們或許可以在生活的各個(gè)方面都具有堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的意志力，從飲食和健康，到工作和人際關(guān)系。
Willpower, or self-discipline, is also often likened to a muscle — the debate is really whether the muscle is strengthened, or fatigued, by regular use.
意志力（或自律）還常常被比作肌肉，問(wèn)題是經(jīng)常使用是強(qiáng)化了肌肉，還是造成肌肉疲勞。
The idea that willpower is a capacity with limits originates in classic studies that give participants two successive challenges, both of which require willpower, for example resisting delicious foods.Very generally, people seem to struggle more on the second task — an observation that has been traditionally explained away by the first task draining the willpower tank.
意志力是一種有限的能力，這種觀點(diǎn)起源于古典研究，這些研究給參與者接連兩個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)，二者都需要意志力，比如抵制美食。一般來(lái)說(shuō)人們似乎在第二個(gè)任務(wù)上更掙扎，而該現(xiàn)象的傳統(tǒng)解釋是：第一個(gè)任務(wù)用光了意志力儲(chǔ)槽。
What the scientists say
科學(xué)家們的說(shuō)法
In 2015, Dr Evan Carter from the University of Miami challenged this wisdom by narrowing his meta-analysis down to only those studies using well-established willpower tasks, and also trawling the literature for unpublished studies.(This gets around the phenomenon of publication bias, in which novel or positive results find their way into print but null or negative results, which are just as enlightening, are buried.)
2015年，邁阿密大學(xué)(University of Miami)的埃文·卡特博士(Dr Evan Carter)挑戰(zhàn)了這一觀點(diǎn)，他將元分析范圍縮窄到那些只使用獲得廣泛認(rèn)可的意志力任務(wù)的研究上，他還搜羅那些未發(fā)表的研究文獻(xiàn)。如此一來(lái)，他避開(kāi)了發(fā)表偏倚(publication bias)現(xiàn)象，即新穎的或積極的結(jié)果會(huì)得到發(fā)表，而平淡、消極、但同樣有啟發(fā)作用的結(jié)果卻遭到埋沒(méi)。
Dr Carter's analysis, which also hints at the possibility that self-control gets better with practice, puts him at odds with Roy Baumeister, perhaps currently the best-known psychologist in the willpower field.Professor Baumeister, at Florida State University, believes self-control diminishes as blood glucose levels drop and the brain runs low on energy.
卡特博士的研究暗示通過(guò)練習(xí)可能會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)更好的自我控制，這一觀點(diǎn)讓他與羅伊·鮑邁斯特(Roy Baumeister)意見(jiàn)不一。鮑邁斯特是佛羅里達(dá)州立大學(xué)(Florida State University)教授，可能是當(dāng)前意志力研究領(lǐng)域最著名的心理學(xué)家，他認(rèn)為隨著血糖水平下降，大腦活力不足，自我控制力也會(huì)減弱。
Even if the science of willpower seems opaque, psychology can still offer insights into how to help those January resolutions stick.John Norcross, professor of psychology at Scranton University, Pennsylvania, and the author of Changeology, contends that there are five stages to behaviour change: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action and maintenance.
即使有關(guān)意志力的科學(xué)似乎很難懂，心理學(xué)依然能夠就如何堅(jiān)持新年計(jì)劃提供啟發(fā)。《改變學(xué)》(Changeology)一書(shū)的作者、賓夕法尼亞州斯克蘭頓大學(xué)(Scranton University)心理學(xué)教授約翰·諾克羅斯(John Norcross)認(rèn)為，行為改變有5個(gè)階段：前期思考、沉思、準(zhǔn)備、行動(dòng)和保持。
What works?
什么能夠奏效？
I asked Professor Norcross for his three top tips to Financial Times readers embarking on resolutions.His first recommendation is to track progress, on the basis that behaviours that are measured are more likely to improve, via reminders and rewards.
我向諾克羅斯教授詢問(wèn)，對(duì)于想要著手實(shí)現(xiàn)新年計(jì)劃的英國(guó)《金融時(shí)報(bào)》讀者，他給出的最重要的3條建議是什么。他的第一個(gè)建議是追蹤進(jìn)度，其依據(jù)是，通過(guò)提醒和獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)等手段，得到衡量的行為更有可能改善。
Second, he says, adapt your environment.My interpretation: if you want to rein in spending, don't go to a casino.After all, cues are all around us, prompting us subconsciously to behave in certain ways.As Prof Norcross puts it: “Trigger healthy behaviours by hanging with prudent people, places and things.” For me, it means not having biscuits in the house.
他說(shuō)，第二個(gè)建議是改變你的環(huán)境。我的解讀是：如果你想要控制支出，不要去賭場(chǎng)。畢竟，我們被暗示包圍著，這些暗示會(huì)促使我們下意識(shí)地做出某些行為。就如諾克羅斯教授說(shuō)的：“通過(guò)和審慎的人交往，待在審慎的地方，接觸審慎的事物，來(lái)激發(fā)健康的行為。”對(duì)我而言，這意味著不要在家里放餅干。
His final tip? Expect to mess up.It may even help: “One of our research studies showed that 71 per cent of successful resolvers said their first slip had actually strengthened their efforts — they learnt from the mistake and recommitted.”
他給出的最后一條提示是什么？預(yù)期自己會(huì)搞砸。這甚至有幫助：“我們的一項(xiàng)研究表明，在成功實(shí)現(xiàn)計(jì)劃的人中，71%的人表示，他們的第一次失敗實(shí)際上加強(qiáng)了他們的努力——他們從錯(cuò)誤中學(xué)習(xí)，并且再次投入努力。”
Psychologists haven't completely cornered the market: economists can offer wisdom on behavioural change too.One of my favourite strategies is embodied by the websitewww.stickk.com.It was co-founded by Yale academics Dean Karlan and Ian Ayres, among others, and relies on two brutal behavioural truths: people do not like losing money (loss aversion), and they are likely to behave better when others are looking.
心理學(xué)家并沒(méi)有完全壟斷這個(gè)市場(chǎng)：經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家也可以為行為改變提供一些看法。網(wǎng)站www.stickk.com總結(jié)了我最喜歡的策略之一。這個(gè)網(wǎng)站由耶魯(Yale)學(xué)者迪安·卡蘭(Dean Karlan)和伊恩·艾爾斯(Ian Ayres)等人聯(lián)合創(chuàng)立，依賴兩條冷酷的行為真理：人們不喜歡損失錢財(cái)（損失厭惡）；當(dāng)其他人在看著的時(shí)候，他們可能會(huì)表現(xiàn)得更好。
A person signing up to a “commitment contract” — such as keeping weight below a certain threshold — must agree to have it policed by a referee, and to forfeit a financial penalty if he or she falters.Sending forfeited cash to an “undeserving” recipient — for example, an overweight Trump supporter pledging money to the Clinton Foundation if the pounds don't budge — is a particularly effective insurance policy against misdemeanour.The website claims to triple the chances of people fulfilling their promises.
簽署“承諾合約”（比如保持體重低于某一特定數(shù)值）的人必須同意，由一名裁判員進(jìn)行監(jiān)督，如果他或她有所動(dòng)搖，就會(huì)被沒(méi)收一筆罰金。把沒(méi)收的罰金給“不值得的”接受者，是對(duì)抗行為不當(dāng)?shù)挠葹橛行У谋Ｕ洗胧?，比如，一個(gè)超重的特朗普支持者承諾，如果不能減重，就得把錢捐給克林頓基金會(huì)(Clinton Foundation)。該網(wǎng)站聲稱能讓人們實(shí)現(xiàn)諾言的幾率提高兩倍。
If I really wanted to conquer the biscuit blight, I would probably try something along those lines: maybe a fiver for every furtive Hob Nob, with the proceeds going to the Kardashians.But I have got a leftover Christmas assortment to get through first.
如果我真的想要克服我對(duì)餅干的嗜好，我很可能會(huì)根據(jù)這些原則嘗試一下：比如每偷吃一塊Hob Nobs餅干就罰款5英鎊，這些錢將會(huì)流向卡戴珊(Kardashian)家族。但首先，先讓我把圣誕節(jié)沒(méi)吃完的各色食物吃掉吧。
老規(guī)矩，每逢新年都是一次自我完善的機(jī)會(huì)。也許你已指定2017年為“奇跡年”，在這劃時(shí)代的一年里，你終于要變得更瘦、更健康、更有錢。如果你確實(shí)是這么規(guī)劃的，那么到今年年底時(shí)，你的身材、體魄和銀行存款很可能還跟2016年基本一樣。
New year's resolutions are not to be undertaken lightly — and certainly should not be popped out on December 31 with the same abandon as champagne corks.That is because they are about behaviour change, which is a difficult feat to pull off at any time of the year.
新年決心是不能輕易下的，肯定不能在12月31日像香檳瓶塞一樣，“砰”地一聲冒出來(lái)。因?yàn)樗P(guān)系到改變行為方式，無(wú)論在一年中的任何時(shí)候，這都是一件難以實(shí)現(xiàn)的壯舉。
It is hard to pluck out a reliable figure about the proportion of people who stick to their good intentions, but one survey of more than 2,000 people found that 56 per cent do not.
關(guān)于有多少人能堅(jiān)持自己的美好愿望，很難找出一個(gè)可信數(shù)據(jù)，不過(guò)一項(xiàng)對(duì)2000多人的調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)56%的人都做不到。
This should not be surprising.We have all had ample opportunity over the past 12 months to reflect on our shortcomings, with few of us managing to achieve desirable change earlier.Why this inertia should suddenly dissolve in January has always puzzled me, which is why my new year's resolution is usually not to make any.
這沒(méi)什么好驚訝的。我們每個(gè)人在過(guò)去12個(gè)月都有大把機(jī)會(huì)去反省自己的缺點(diǎn)，但鮮少有人能努力提前完成理想轉(zhuǎn)變。為什么這種懶惰會(huì)在1月份突然消失？我總是對(duì)此感到困惑，這就是為什么我通常不制定任何新年計(jì)劃。
It is not that my life does not require betterment — but, to a certain degree, I lack willpower.It is this precious commodity that is seen as key to whether the resolutions made on January 1 are adhered to.
倒不是說(shuō)我的生活不需要改善，不過(guò)就某種程度而言，我缺乏意志力。人們認(rèn)為這一可貴的品質(zhì)正是新年計(jì)劃能否堅(jiān)持的關(guān)鍵。
Permanently overcoming my sweet tooth would be a resolution doomed to failure.Instead, I try to occasionally eschew a biscuit with my morning coffee.From such modest ambitions are minor triumphs fashioned.
徹底戒掉我對(duì)甜食的嗜好，這一目標(biāo)注定失敗。取而代之，我試著早上喝咖啡時(shí)偶爾戒一塊餅干。通過(guò)此類適度目標(biāo)，達(dá)成一些小小的改變。
Psychologists have long thought willpower was a finite resource that should be expended judiciously, on life's most important challenges.Newer studies, however, are less confident about this assertion, implying that we may possess the capacity to be strong-willed in all aspects of life, from diet and health through to jobs and relationships.
心理學(xué)家長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)一直認(rèn)為意志力是一種有限的資源，應(yīng)該審慎地用在人生中最重要的挑戰(zhàn)上。但最新研究對(duì)這一論斷沒(méi)那么確信，這意味著我們或許可以在生活的各個(gè)方面都具有堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的意志力，從飲食和健康，到工作和人際關(guān)系。
Willpower, or self-discipline, is also often likened to a muscle — the debate is really whether the muscle is strengthened, or fatigued, by regular use.
意志力（或自律）還常常被比作肌肉，問(wèn)題是經(jīng)常使用是強(qiáng)化了肌肉，還是造成肌肉疲勞。
The idea that willpower is a capacity with limits originates in classic studies that give participants two successive challenges, both of which require willpower, for example resisting delicious foods.Very generally, people seem to struggle more on the second task — an observation that has been traditionally explained away by the first task draining the willpower tank.
意志力是一種有限的能力，這種觀點(diǎn)起源于古典研究，這些研究給參與者接連兩個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)，二者都需要意志力，比如抵制美食。一般來(lái)說(shuō)人們似乎在第二個(gè)任務(wù)上更掙扎，而該現(xiàn)象的傳統(tǒng)解釋是：第一個(gè)任務(wù)用光了意志力儲(chǔ)槽。
科學(xué)家們的說(shuō)法
In 2015, Dr Evan Carter from the University of Miami challenged this wisdom by narrowing his meta-analysis down to only those studies using well-established willpower tasks, and also trawling the literature for unpublished studies.(This gets around the phenomenon of publication bias, in which novel or positive results find their way into print but null or negative results, which are just as enlightening, are buried.)
2015年，邁阿密大學(xué)(University of Miami)的埃文·卡特博士(Dr Evan Carter)挑戰(zhàn)了這一觀點(diǎn)，他將元分析范圍縮窄到那些只使用獲得廣泛認(rèn)可的意志力任務(wù)的研究上，他還搜羅那些未發(fā)表的研究文獻(xiàn)。如此一來(lái)，他避開(kāi)了發(fā)表偏倚(publication bias)現(xiàn)象，即新穎的或積極的結(jié)果會(huì)得到發(fā)表，而平淡、消極、但同樣有啟發(fā)作用的結(jié)果卻遭到埋沒(méi)。
Dr Carter's analysis, which also hints at the possibility that self-control gets better with practice, puts him at odds with Roy Baumeister, perhaps currently the best-known psychologist in the willpower field.Professor Baumeister, at Florida State University, believes self-control diminishes as blood glucose levels drop and the brain runs low on energy.
卡特博士的研究暗示通過(guò)練習(xí)可能會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)更好的自我控制，這一觀點(diǎn)讓他與羅伊·鮑邁斯特(Roy Baumeister)意見(jiàn)不一。鮑邁斯特是佛羅里達(dá)州立大學(xué)(Florida State University)教授，可能是當(dāng)前意志力研究領(lǐng)域最著名的心理學(xué)家，他認(rèn)為隨著血糖水平下降，大腦活力不足，自我控制力也會(huì)減弱。
Even if the science of willpower seems opaque, psychology can still offer insights into how to help those January resolutions stick.John Norcross, professor of psychology at Scranton University, Pennsylvania, and the author of Changeology, contends that there are five stages to behaviour change: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action and maintenance.
即使有關(guān)意志力的科學(xué)似乎很難懂，心理學(xué)依然能夠就如何堅(jiān)持新年計(jì)劃提供啟發(fā)。《改變學(xué)》(Changeology)一書(shū)的作者、賓夕法尼亞州斯克蘭頓大學(xué)(Scranton University)心理學(xué)教授約翰·諾克羅斯(John Norcross)認(rèn)為，行為改變有5個(gè)階段：前期思考、沉思、準(zhǔn)備、行動(dòng)和保持。
What works?
什么能夠奏效？
I asked Professor Norcross for his three top tips to Financial Times readers embarking on resolutions.His first recommendation is to track progress, on the basis that behaviours that are measured are more likely to improve, via reminders and rewards.
我向諾克羅斯教授詢問(wèn)，對(duì)于想要著手實(shí)現(xiàn)新年計(jì)劃的英國(guó)《金融時(shí)報(bào)》讀者，他給出的最重要的3條建議是什么。他的第一個(gè)建議是追蹤進(jìn)度，其依據(jù)是，通過(guò)提醒和獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)等手段，得到衡量的行為更有可能改善。
Second, he says, adapt your environment.My interpretation: if you want to rein in spending, don't go to a casino.After all, cues are all around us, prompting us subconsciously to behave in certain ways.As Prof Norcross puts it: “Trigger healthy behaviours by hanging with prudent people, places and things.” For me, it means not having biscuits in the house.
他說(shuō)，第二個(gè)建議是改變你的環(huán)境。我的解讀是：如果你想要控制支出，不要去賭場(chǎng)。畢竟，我們被暗示包圍著，這些暗示會(huì)促使我們下意識(shí)地做出某些行為。就如諾克羅斯教授說(shuō)的：“通過(guò)和審慎的人交往，待在審慎的地方，接觸審慎的事物，來(lái)激發(fā)健康的行為。”對(duì)我而言，這意味著不要在家里放餅干。
His final tip? Expect to mess up.It may even help: “One of our research studies showed that 71 per cent of successful resolvers said their first slip had actually strengthened their efforts — they learnt from the mistake and recommitted.”
他給出的最后一條提示是什么？預(yù)期自己會(huì)搞砸。這甚至有幫助：“我們的一項(xiàng)研究表明，在成功實(shí)現(xiàn)計(jì)劃的人中，71%的人表示，他們的第一次失敗實(shí)際上加強(qiáng)了他們的努力——他們從錯(cuò)誤中學(xué)習(xí)，并且再次投入努力。”
Psychologists haven't completely cornered the market: economists can offer wisdom on behavioural change too.One of my favourite strategies is embodied by the websitewww.stickk.com.It was co-founded by Yale academics Dean Karlan and Ian Ayres, among others, and relies on two brutal behavioural truths: people do not like losing money (loss aversion), and they are likely to behave better when others are looking.
心理學(xué)家并沒(méi)有完全壟斷這個(gè)市場(chǎng)：經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家也可以為行為改變提供一些看法。網(wǎng)站www.stickk.com總結(jié)了我最喜歡的策略之一。這個(gè)網(wǎng)站由耶魯(Yale)學(xué)者迪安·卡蘭(Dean Karlan)和伊恩·艾爾斯(Ian Ayres)等人聯(lián)合創(chuàng)立，依賴兩條冷酷的行為真理：人們不喜歡損失錢財(cái)（損失厭惡）；當(dāng)其他人在看著的時(shí)候，他們可能會(huì)表現(xiàn)得更好。
A person signing up to a “commitment contract” — such as keeping weight below a certain threshold — must agree to have it policed by a referee, and to forfeit a financial penalty if he or she falters.Sending forfeited cash to an “undeserving” recipient — for example, an overweight Trump supporter pledging money to the Clinton Foundation if the pounds don't budge — is a particularly effective insurance policy against misdemeanour.The website claims to triple the chances of people fulfilling their promises.
簽署“承諾合約”（比如保持體重低于某一特定數(shù)值）的人必須同意，由一名裁判員進(jìn)行監(jiān)督，如果他或她有所動(dòng)搖，就會(huì)被沒(méi)收一筆罰金。把沒(méi)收的罰金給“不值得的”接受者，是對(duì)抗行為不當(dāng)?shù)挠葹橛行У谋Ｕ洗胧?，比如，一個(gè)超重的特朗普支持者承諾，如果不能減重，就得把錢捐給克林頓基金會(huì)(Clinton Foundation)。該網(wǎng)站聲稱能讓人們實(shí)現(xiàn)諾言的幾率提高兩倍。
If I really wanted to conquer the biscuit blight, I would probably try something along those lines: maybe a fiver for every furtive Hob Nob, with the proceeds going to the Kardashians.But I have got a leftover Christmas assortment to get through first.
如果我真的想要克服我對(duì)餅干的嗜好，我很可能會(huì)根據(jù)這些原則嘗試一下：比如每偷吃一塊Hob Nobs餅干就罰款5英鎊，這些錢將會(huì)流向卡戴珊(Kardashian)家族。但首先，先讓我把圣誕節(jié)沒(méi)吃完的各色食物吃掉吧。
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