不定冠詞主要用在可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)前,表示:
1)“一個(gè)”(意思接近one):
Rome was not built in a day. (諺)羅馬不是一天建成的。
There was now not a minute to lose. 現(xiàn)在一分鐘也不能耽誤。
His wages were four hundred pounds a week. 他每周工資四百鎊。
I can only carry two at a time. 我一次只能拿兩個(gè)。
A thousand people attended the concert. 一千人出席了這次音樂會(huì)。
A fifth of the population are young children. 五分之一的人口是兒童。
She is a friend of mine. 她是我的一位朋友。
可用在大量表示數(shù)量的詞組中:
four times a day 一天四次
half a kilo 半公斤
one pound a metre 一英鎊一米
60 km an hour 每小時(shí)六十公里
a quarter of a mile 四分之一英里
a cup of coffee 一杯咖啡
2)“某一個(gè)”(=a certain,但仍可譯作“一個(gè)”):
A car is waiting at the gate. 有一輛車在門口等著。
He was born in a small city in Hunan. 他出生于湖南的一座小城。
A scholar is coming to speak to us. 一位學(xué)者將來給我們作報(bào)告。
She told us an interesting story. 她給我們講了一個(gè)有趣的故事。
3) 某類人或物(可用在表語、同位語等中):
She is a Canadian (dancer). 她是加拿大人(舞蹈演員)。
Is this a planer or a lathe? 這是刨床還是車床?
The book was written by Dr. Cooper,a geneticist. 這書是遺傳學(xué)家古柏博士寫的。
He does not seem to be a particularly able person. 他似乎不是一個(gè)特別能干的人。
We knew Moses as an authority on Wagner. 我們知道摩西是研究瓦格納的專家。
4) 某類人或物(可作主語,表示整個(gè)這類人或東西):
A child needs love. 孩子需要愛。
An owl can see in the dark. 貓頭鷹能在黑夜中看東西.
An upright man should be honest and fair. 正直的人應(yīng)當(dāng)誠(chéng)實(shí)公正。
A rattlesnake is a poisonous American snake. 響尾蛇是美洲的一種毒蛇。
在前兩種用法中,a通常譯作“一個(gè)”,在把這名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)時(shí),a需換作數(shù)詞或不定代詞:
Two fifths of the population are women. 五分之二的人是婦女。
A few scholars are coming to speak to us. 幾位學(xué)者將來給我們作報(bào)告。
They ordered three cups of coffee. 他們要了三杯咖啡。
She told us some interesting stories. 她給我們講了幾個(gè)有趣的故事。
在后兩種用法中,譯成漢語時(shí)常不帶“一”字,在把名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)時(shí),前面常不加什么:
Children need love. 孩子需要愛。
They don't seem to be particularly able persons. 他們似乎不是特別能干的人。
Rattlesnakes are poisonous American snakes. 響尾蛇是美洲的毒蛇。
Are these planers or lathes? 這些是刨床還是車床?
定冠詞主要有下面這些用法:
1) 和個(gè)體名詞的單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)連用,表示某個(gè)(些)特定的人或東西:
Where is (are) the other girl(s)? 另外那(幾)個(gè)姑娘在哪里?
Put the parcel(s) on the table. 把那個(gè)(些)包裹放在桌上。
Show the guest(s) to his (their) room. 帶客人去看他(們)的房間。
The bus has left. We had to wait for the next bus. 車開走了,我們得等下一班車。
Did you go to the opening ceremony? 你參加開幕典禮了嗎?
凡屬特指的名詞(即指特定的人或物)都應(yīng)加the,試比較下面的句子:
特 指 泛 指
* * *
* * *
Pass me the salt. 把鹽遞給我。 Give me some salt. 給我點(diǎn)鹽。
Take the medicine now. 現(xiàn)在就把藥吃掉。 You'd better take some medicine. 你最好吃點(diǎn)藥。
Here are the records I bought. 這些是我買的唱片。 I bought two records for you. 我給你買了兩張唱片。
How do you like the children's performance? 你覺得孩子們的演出如何? I like children's performance. 我喜歡孩子們的演出。
在第二次提到某樣?xùn)|西(甚至與它有關(guān)的東西)時(shí),常在前面加the:
He bought a TV and a video recorder, but he returned the video recorder. 他買了一臺(tái)電視機(jī)和一臺(tái)錄像機(jī),但把錄像機(jī)退了。
She bought a bicycle,but when she rode it one of the wheels came off. 她買了一輛自行車,可騎上去時(shí)一個(gè)輪子掉了。
He saw a house in the country. He stood outside it for a while before going in. In the front room there was a fire burning in the fireplace. The room was clean, small and very warm. 他在鄉(xiāng)下看到一棟房子。他站了一會(huì)兒,走了進(jìn)去。前屋壁爐里生了火。房間很干凈,小而暖和。
2) 也可和一個(gè)單數(shù)名詞一道用,表示一類人或東西:
The whale is in danger of becoming extinct. 鯨有滅絕的危險(xiǎn)。
The bluebird is the prettiest thing I've ever seen. 藍(lán)知更鳥是我見過的最美的東西。
The eighteenth century was the golden age of the novel. 十八世紀(jì)是小說的黃金時(shí)代。
The aeroplane has made the world a small place. 飛機(jī)使世界變小了。
The computer has changed our way of life. 電腦改變了我們的生活方式。
The careful speaker should avoid it. 謹(jǐn)言的人應(yīng)回避這種說法。
The small shopkeeper is finding life increasingly difficult. 小店主發(fā)現(xiàn)生活越來越艱難。
3) 還可和某些名詞連用表示整個(gè)民族、階級(jí)、階層、一家人等:
The Chinese people are industrious and brave. 中國(guó)人民勤勞勇敢。
The Dutch are very skilful engineers. 荷蘭人是能工巧匠。
They represented the interests of the bourgeoisie. 他們代表中產(chǎn)階級(jí)的利益。
The Goncourts were careful artists. 龔古爾兄弟是很細(xì)致的藝術(shù)家。
The Thompsons arrived at 7 o'clock this evening. 湯普森一家今晚七點(diǎn)鐘到達(dá)。
4) 還可和某些形容詞連用,表示一類人(a)或某種品質(zhì)(b):
a. He never envied the rich their luxurious pleasures. 他從不羨慕富人們驕奢淫逸的生活。
Thus the privileged numbered less than 600,000. 因此特權(quán)階級(jí)不超過六十萬人。
In a week or two I'll be among the unemployed. 一兩周后我將加入失業(yè)大軍。
These seats are for the disabled. 這些座位是留給殘疾人的。
b. I was weak, afraid to venture the unknown. 我很脆弱,不敢探查未知世界。
She admires the mystical. 她喜歡那些神奇古怪的事。
He has a strong dislike for the sentimental. 他非常討厭多愁善感無病呻吟。
Their aim was to discover the good, the beautiful and the true. 他們的目標(biāo)是發(fā)掘真善美。
5) 另外還可和一些表示世上獨(dú)一無二的東西的名詞一道用:
Do you know how big the universe is? 你知道宇宙有多大嗎?
There was a rainbow in the sky. 天上有一道彩虹。
The sun lights and warms the earth. 太陽照亮地球并供給能量。
The moon had risen. 月亮已經(jīng)升起。
The Milky Way is a bright band of stars. 銀河系是一條明亮的星帶。
The air was full of butterflies. 空中飛滿蝴蝶。
此外還有the Equator(赤道),the outer space(外層空間),the atmosphere(大氣層),the solar system(太陽系),the North Pole(北極),the Tropic of Cancer(北回歸線),the tropics(熱帶地區(qū))等。
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