金融時(shí)報(bào):幾個(gè)詞讀懂德國(guó)政壇

幾個(gè)詞讀懂德國(guó)政壇

德語(yǔ)單詞的構(gòu)詞規(guī)則簡(jiǎn)單粗暴，只需將兩個(gè)詞放到一起就可以捏出一個(gè)新詞。想在9月24日的德國(guó)大選前了解德國(guó)政壇的情況，我們也可以從這些有趣的詞匯入手。當(dāng)一個(gè)德國(guó)人對(duì)你說(shuō)：“我默克爾了。”他指的是什么？哪一群人被德國(guó)人民發(fā)了好人卡？“車(chē)站鼓掌家”又是在諷刺誰(shuí)？

測(cè)試中可能遇到的詞匯和知識(shí)：

cartel[kɑ?r'tel] n.聯(lián)合企業(yè)

blatantly['ble?t?ntli] adv. 公開(kāi)地，悍然地

cosset['kɑ?s?t] v. 寵愛(ài)，溺愛(ài)

moderate['mɑ?d?r?t] v.節(jié)制，使…穩(wěn)定

insofar[??ns??'fɑ?] adv. 只要，在…范圍內(nèi)

scrap[skræp] vt.扔棄

pejorative[p?'d???r?t?v] adj. 貶低的，輕蔑的

clapper ['klæp?(r)] n.響板，鼓掌者

traitor['tre?t?(r)] n.叛徒，賣(mài)國(guó)賊

berate[b?'re?t] vt.嚴(yán)責(zé)

connote[k?'n??t] vt.意思就是

acronym['ækr?n?m] n.縮寫(xiě)字

chagrin['?æɡr?n] vt.使…懊惱

locomotive[?l??k?'m??t?v] n.火車(chē)頭

A guide to understanding the German election(676 words)

By Simon Kuper

In German you can create new words almost ad infinitum, usually by bolting existing words together. One way to understand Germany’s elections of September 24 is therefore to look at the country’s current political vocabulary, from Genderwahn to merkeln.

Autoland (literally, land of cars). On the upside, the car industry is Germany’s economic motor. On the downside, the Autolobby is also often Germany’s political motor, much as Wall Street is in the US or the City in the UK. Germany’s Autokartell (car cartel) has its own revolving door with politics. Most blatantly, Matthias Wissmann, president of the automobile industry’s trade body, is a former Christian Democratic transport minister. The German foreign minister Sigmar Gabriel (sometimes known as Siggi Pop) was a government representative on Volkswagen’s supervisory board and later worked for a communications firm that advised the company.

Cosseted by government, car companies felt free to lie for years about their diesel emissions, until Dieselgate (or der Abgasskandal) broke in 2015. The Autolobby also moderates the much-trumpeted German Energiewende, or shift away from fossil fuels. Germany will reduce emissions only insofar as that doesn’t upset carmakers, the small but potent Braunkohle-Lobby (coal lobby) or, indeed, green Fundis (fundamentalists) who insisted the country scrap its nuclear reactors.

Gutmensch (good person). The word is mostly used pejoratively, to describe supposedly naive leftie self-hating Muslim-hugging Germans. Bahnhofsklatscher (literally, station clappers) are the Gutmenschen who stood in train stations in September 2015 applauding arriving refugees. The Bahnhofsklatscher themselves thought they were expressing a new German Willkommenskultur (welcoming culture).

The rival tribe to the Gutmenschen are the Wutbürger (furious citizens). Gutmenschen and Wutbürger are roughly Germany’s equivalents of “Blue” and “Red” Americans, but with less risk of civil war. Older Wutbürger are sometimes known as Hassrentner (hate-pensioners), though Wutbürger prefer to call themselves besorgte Bürger (concerned citizens). They berate Gutmenschen for their Hypermoral (hypermorality) and Genderwahn (delusions about gender issues).

Lügenpresse (lying press) is one of several words favoured by the Nazis and now revived by Wutbürger. Another is Volksverräter (traitor to the people), which can be applied to any mainstream politician. Frauke Petry, leader of the far-right Alternative für Deutschland party, got into trouble for trying to revive völkisch, an adjective that historically connotes a racially defined German people, or Volk.

Mutti (Mummy), the nickname of current and future chancellor Angela Merkel. After 12 years as chancellor, Merkel is regarded by many Germans almost as a family member. Her tics are instantly recognisable. The Raute, or diamond, is the shape she makes with her hands when posing for photographs. (According to conspiracy theorists cited by the British Daily Express tabloid, the “secret hand sign” betrays her membership of the Illuminati secret society.) Postwar Germans prefer their chancellors familiar, Christian Democratic and dull: Konrad Adenauer served for 14 years and Helmut Kohl for 16.

Merkel even has her own verb, merkeln, which means to not make decisions, to kick the can down the road, as has been her general strategy during the Eurocrisis. (Popular usage: “Asked to attend his mother-in-law’s birthday, he merkelte.”)

Merkeln doesn’t necessarily stem from cowardice or indecisiveness. Rather, Merkel believes that if you don’t immediately try to solve a problem, the problem often either changes or goes away. Merkeln entails ignoring media who demand a solution this week, when governments ought to be thinking 20 years ahead.

Schwarze Null (literally, black zero) refers to the German government’s policy of aiming for a budget that’s either balanced (zero) or in the black. After 44 years of deficits, the state has scored three black zeros in a row since 2014. This is a source of pride in Germany and of chagrin in other European countries, which want Germany to be their economic locomotive. German scorn for foreign debtors is captured in the tabloid phrase Pleite-Griechen (literally, broke Greeks). Always remember that the German word Schuld means both debt and guilt.

Umvolkung (roughly, forced change in the population’s ethnic composition). The word captures the fears of Wutbürger that Merkel is replacing their Volk with Muslims and other Passdeutsche (passport Germans). A related word is Volkstod, or death of the people.

請(qǐng)根據(jù)你所讀到的文章內(nèi)容，完成以下自測(cè)題目：

1.What does the word Autoland mean according to the article?

A. Car companies in German were found cheated on their diesel emissions.

B. Germany’s car cartel has its own revolving door with politics.

C. Car industry is Germany’s economic motor as Wall Street is in the US.

D. Car industry has great influence on both economy and politics in Germany.

答案(1)

2.Which two words are roughly Germany’s equivalents of “Blue” and “Red” Americans?

A. Gutmenschen and Wutbürger.

B. Gutmenschen and Hassrentner.

C. Bahnhofsklatscher and Wutbürger.

D. Hypermoral and Wutbürger.

答案(2)

3.According to conspiracy theorists, the Raute ____?

A. is favoured by the Nazis and now revived by Wutbürger.

B. refers to the policy of aiming for a black zero budget.

C. betrays Merkel's membership of the Illuminati secret society.

D. entails ignoring media who demand a solution this week.

答案(3)

4.Which of the following words have positive meaning？

A. Gutmensch.

B. Schwarze Null.

C. Lügenpresse.

D. Umvolkung.

答案(4)

* * *

(1) 答案：D.Car industry has great influence on both economy and politics in Germany.

解釋?zhuān)篈utoland一方面表明汽車(chē)產(chǎn)業(yè)是推動(dòng)德國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的引擎，另一方面汽車(chē)公司的游說(shuō)也會(huì)對(duì)德國(guó)政治產(chǎn)生重大影響，就像華爾街之于美國(guó)或金融城之于英國(guó)。

(2) 答案：A.Gutmenschen and Wutbürger.

解釋?zhuān)篏utmenschen和Wutbürger大致等同于美國(guó)人的“藍(lán)黨”、“紅黨”。

(3) 答案：C.betrays Merkel's membership of the Illuminati secret society.

解釋?zhuān)?ldquo;鉆石”指默克爾照相時(shí)的手勢(shì)，陰謀論認(rèn)為這一手勢(shì)出賣(mài)了她作為光明會(huì)成員的秘密身份。

(4) 答案：B.Schwarze Null.

解釋?zhuān)篠chwarze Null指德國(guó)政府制定的財(cái)政平衡目標(biāo)，自2014年以來(lái)，德國(guó)已經(jīng)連續(xù)三年達(dá)到了收支平衡，德國(guó)人為此感到驕傲。