演講MP3+雙語文稿:臨時(shí)城市的建筑奇跡

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【演講人及介紹】Rahul Mehrotra

拉胡爾·梅赫羅特拉（Rahul Mehrotra）是一位在印度工作的建筑師，專注于機(jī)構(gòu)建筑和歷史遺跡保護(hù)。他還是哈佛大學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)研究生院的教授。

【演講主題】臨時(shí)城市的建筑奇跡

【演講文稿-中英文】

翻譯者 Archi Xiao 校對 Jin Ge

00:13

On this planet today, there are about 50cities that are larger than five million people. I'm going to share with youthe story of one such city, a city of seven million people, but a city that's atemporary megacity, an ephemeral megacity. This is a city that is built for aHindu religious festival called Kumbh Mela, which occurs every 12 years, insmaller editions every four years, and takes place at the confluence of theGanges and the Yamuna rivers in India. And for this festival, about 100 millionpeople congregate.

今天在這個(gè)世界上，有50個(gè)人口超過500萬的城市。接下來我想分享其中一個(gè)城市的故事，一個(gè)擁有700萬人口的城市。但是這個(gè)特大城市是臨時(shí)搭建的，很短暫，這個(gè)城市是為了印度教的節(jié)日而搭建的，節(jié)日的名字叫大壺節(jié)。這個(gè)節(jié)日每12年舉行一次，每4年以小一點(diǎn)的規(guī)模舉行，就在印度恒河和亞穆納河兩條河流匯合的地方舉辦。為了慶祝這個(gè)節(jié)日，約1億人聚在一起。

00:57

The reason so many people congregate here,is the Hindus believe that during the festival, the cycle every 12 years, ifyou bathe at the confluence of these two great rivers you are freed fromrebirth. It's a really compelling idea, you are liberated from life as we knowit. And this is what attracts these millions. And an entire megacity is builtto house them. Seven million people live there for the 55 days, and the other100 million visit.

這么多人聚在一起，是因?yàn)橛《冉掏较嘈旁谶@個(gè)節(jié)日，12年為一個(gè)輪回，如果你在這兩條河的匯合處沐浴，便可經(jīng)歷重生得到自由。這是個(gè)非常打動(dòng)人的信念，我們可以理解為從生命中得到解放。正是這個(gè)信仰吸引了上億人，而一個(gè)特大城市為了容納這些人也隨之落成。700萬人在這里住上55天，還有另外1億人前來參加。

01:29

After the monsoon, as the waters of theserivers begin to recede and the sand banks expose themselves, it becomes theterrain for the city. And by the 15th of January, starting 15th of October to15th of January, in these weeks an entire city emerges. A city that housesseven million people.

季風(fēng)過后，當(dāng)這兩條河流逐漸消退，河床開始顯露出來的時(shí)候，這就成為了特大城市的地帶。到了1月15日，從上一年10月15日到下一年的1月15日，也就這幾個(gè)月的功夫，一整個(gè)城市拔地而起。一個(gè)能容納700萬人的城市。

02:00

What is fascinating is this city actuallyhas all the characteristics of a real megacity: a grid is employed to lay thecity out. The urban system is a grid and every street on this city goes acrossthe river on a pontoon bridge. Incredibly resilient, because if there's anunseasonal downpour or if the river changes course, the urban system staysintact, the city adjusts itself to this terrain which can be volatile. It alsoreplicates all forms of physical, as well as social, infrastructure. Watersupply, sewage, electricity, there are 1,400 CCTV cameras that are used forsecurity by an entire station that is set up. But also social infrastructure,like clinics, hospitals, all sorts of community services, that make thisfunction like any real megacity would do. 10,500 sweepers are employed by thecity. It has a governance system, a Mela Adhikari, or the commissioner of thefestival, that ensures that land is allocated, there are systems for all ofthis, that the system of the city, the mobility, all works efficiently. Youknow, it was the cleanest and the most efficient Indian city I've lived in.

令人驚奇的是，這個(gè)城市擁有一個(gè)真正的特大城市所有該有的特點(diǎn)：城市的布局井然，城市系統(tǒng)就像是一個(gè)棋盤，城市里的每一條街道，就是橫跨河流的一條條浮橋。它異常地堅(jiān)韌，就算遇上反季節(jié)的暴雨或者河流改道，這個(gè)城市系統(tǒng)仍能保持完好無損，這個(gè)城市會調(diào)整自己來暫時(shí)適應(yīng)這種地勢。同時(shí)它也復(fù)制了城市里該有的物理和社會基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。用水供給、下水道、電氣，還有1400臺用于安保的閉路電視就在搭建起來的電路站之上。同時(shí)還有社會基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，如診所、醫(yī)院，各種各樣的社區(qū)服務(wù)，使之如真正的特大城市那樣運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)起來。這座城市還雇傭了10500名清潔工。它還有自己的管理系統(tǒng)，一個(gè)Mela Adhikari，也可以叫做節(jié)慶的行政長官，以確保土地被合理分配利用，有各種系統(tǒng)支撐城市，確保城市系統(tǒng)和流動(dòng)性都能高效運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。那是我住過的最干凈、最高效的印度城市。

03:30

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

03:41

And this is not an informal city or apop-up city. This is a formal city, this is a state enterprise, the governmentsets this up. In today's world of neoliberalism and capitalism, where the statehas devolved itself complete responsibility from making and designing cities,this is an incredible case. It's a deliberate, intentional city, a formal city.

這不是一個(gè)不規(guī)范的城市也不是一個(gè)快閃的城市，這是一個(gè)規(guī)范的城市，一個(gè)國家企業(yè)，由政府一手建立的。今天新自由主義和資本主義大行其道，國家已經(jīng)發(fā)展成了為城市的設(shè)計(jì)和建立全權(quán)負(fù)責(zé)，這是一個(gè)非凡的案例。這個(gè)城市是深思熟慮的，有意打造的，規(guī)范有序的。

04:07

And it's a city that sits on the groundvery lightly. It sits on the banks of these rivers. And it leaves very littlemark. There are no foundations; fabric is used to build this entire city.What's also quite incredible is that there are five materials that are used tobuild this settlement for seven million people: eight-foot tall bamboo, stringor rope, nails or screw and a skinning material. Could be corrugated metal, a fabricor plastic. And these materials come together and aggregate. It's like a kit ofparts. And it's used all the way from a small tent, which might house five orsix people, or a family, to temples that can house 500, sometimes 1,000 people.And this kit of parts, and this imagination of the city, allows it to bedisassembled. And so at the end of the festival, within a week, the entire cityis disassembled. And the terrain isoffered back to the river, as with the monsoon the water swells again. And it'sthis sort of imagination as a kit of parts that allows this disassembly and thereabsorption of all this material. So the electricity poles go to littlevillages in the hinterland, the pontoon bridges are used in small towns, thematerial is all reabsorbed. Fascinating, it's amazing.

這個(gè)城市只是搭建于地表之上。它建立在河床之上。幾乎不留一絲痕跡。沒有任何根基；整個(gè)城市是用織物搭建起來的。同樣令人驚奇的是打造這個(gè)供700萬人生活的城市只用到了五種材料： 8英尺長的竹子、繩索、釘子或螺釘，以及一種表面材料?？赡苁遣y金屬，織物或者塑料。這些材料結(jié)合在一起，就像是一套零件，可用于城市的所有地方，從小小的帳篷，可容納5到6個(gè)人或者一個(gè)小家庭，到能容納500人，甚至上千人的廟宇。這套零件或者說這個(gè)城市的設(shè)想，能允許它被快速拆卸。到了節(jié)慶的尾聲，在一周之內(nèi)，整個(gè)城市就能被拆卸。當(dāng)季風(fēng)來臨，河水再次上漲的時(shí)候，整個(gè)地帶再次被河流淹沒。這是一種把城市變成一套零件的設(shè)想，能夠被拆卸，讓所有材料得到回收再利用。電線桿會被送到內(nèi)陸的小村莊，浮橋則用在小城鎮(zhèn)，這些材料全被再回收。令人嘖嘖稱奇，非常棒。

05:37

Now, you may embrace these Hindu beliefs ornot. But you know, this is a stunning example, and it's worthy of reflection.Here, human beings spend an enormous amount of energy and imagination knowingthat the city is going to reverse, it's going to be disassembled, it's going todisappear, it's the ephemeral megacity. And it has profound lessons to teachus. Lessons about how to touch the ground lightly, about reversibility, aboutdisassembly. Rather amazing.

你也許不太相信印度教信仰。但這是個(gè)神奇的例子，值得人深思。在這里，人們耗費(fèi)了巨大的力量與想象力，深知這個(gè)城市將會被逆轉(zhuǎn)，將會被拆卸，將會消失，這是個(gè)短暫的特大城市，給我們上了一堂寶貴的課。這是一堂有關(guān)于如何盡可能靠近地表打造建筑，關(guān)于逆轉(zhuǎn)，關(guān)于拆卸，令人驚奇萬分。

06:16

And you know, we are, as humans, obsessedwith permanence. We resist change. It's an impulse that we all have. And weresist change in spite of the fact that change is perhaps the only constant inour lives. Everything has an expiry date, including Spaceship Earth, ourplanet.

要知道作為人類，我們都沉迷于永恒。我們抗拒改變。這是一種所有人共有的天性。我們抗拒改變，哪怕事實(shí)上改變才是我們生活中的常態(tài)。所有東西都有期限，包括宇宙飛船一樣的地球，也就是我們的星球。

06:38

So what can we learn from these sorts ofsettlements? Burning Man, of course much smaller, but reversible. Or thethousands of markets for transaction, that appear around the globe in Asia,Latin America, Africa, this one in Mexico, where the parking lots are animatedon the weekends, about 50,000 vendors, but on a temporal cycle. The farmer'smarket in the Americas: it's an amazing phenomenon, creates new chemistries,extends the margin of space that is unused or not used optimally, like parkinglots, for example.

那我們從這些建造過程中能學(xué)到什么呢？ 就如火人節(jié)，規(guī)模要更小一些，但是同樣能逆轉(zhuǎn)?；蛘叱霈F(xiàn)在全球各地的成千上萬的交易市場，在亞洲、拉丁美洲、非洲，圖中這個(gè)在墨西哥，一到周末停車場就被調(diào)用起來，可以容納5萬個(gè)攤位，這只是一個(gè)臨時(shí)的區(qū)域。美洲大陸上的農(nóng)貿(mào)市場：這是一種不可思議的現(xiàn)象，催化出了新的化學(xué)反應(yīng)，使得空間得以延伸，這是未被使用或者未被充分利用的地方，如停車場。

07:17

In my own city of Mumbai, where I practiceas an architect and a planner, I see this in the everyday landscape. I callthis the Kinetic City. It twitches like a live organism; it's not static. Itchanges every day, on sometimes predictable cycles. About six million peoplelive in these kinds of temporary settlements. Like -- unfortunately, likerefugee camps, the slums of Mumbai, the favelas of Latin America. Here, thetemporary is becoming the new permanent. Here, urbanism is not about grandvision, it's about grand adjustment.

在我的城市孟買，我是一名建筑師，一名規(guī)劃師，我每天都能看到這樣的景色。我稱之為“動(dòng)態(tài)城市”。她像一個(gè)活生生的、轉(zhuǎn)變中的有機(jī)體，并不是靜態(tài)的，每天都在變化，以一種偶爾能被預(yù)測的周期在變化。大概有600萬人口生活在這種臨時(shí)的建筑中。舉一個(gè)不太恰當(dāng)?shù)睦樱侯愃齐y民營、孟買的貧民窟、拉丁美洲的貧民窟。在那些地方，臨時(shí)正成為一種新的永恒。在那里，城市化并不是宏大的愿景，而是宏大的調(diào)整。

07:57

On the street in Mumbai, during the Ganeshfestival, a transformation. A community hall is created for 10 days. Bollywoodfilms are shown, thousands congregate for dinners and celebration. It's madeout of paper-mache and plaster of Paris. Designed to be disassembled, and in 10days, overnight, it disappears, and the street goes back to anonymity. Or ourwonderful open spaces, we call them maidans. And it's used for this incrediblynuanced and complicated, fascinating Indian game, called cricket, which, Ibelieve, the British invented.

甘奈施節(jié)期間，在孟買的街道上會出現(xiàn)一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)變。一個(gè)為期10天的社區(qū)大堂建了起來，放映著寶萊塢電影，成千上萬的人聚在一起吃飯，慶祝。這棟建筑是由紙漿和石膏做成的，可被拆卸的設(shè)計(jì)，十天以后，一夜之間消失不見，街道又恢復(fù)如初。又或者是那種美好的開放空間，被稱為廣場，用作板球運(yùn)動(dòng)的場地。板球是一種非常微妙又復(fù)雜的，非常好玩的印度游戲，我相信是英國人發(fā)明的。

08:36

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

08:37

And in the evenings, a wedding wraps aroundthe cricket pitch -- Notice, the cricket pitch is not touched, it's sacredground.

傍晚時(shí)分，一場婚禮圍繞在球場展開——請注意，板球場不能被碰到，那可是神圣的領(lǐng)域。

08:45

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

08:46

But here, the club members and the weddingparty partake in tea through a common kitchen. And at midnight, it'sdisassembled, and the space offered back to the city. Here, urbanism is anelastic condition.

但是在那里，球隊(duì)和婚禮派對在一個(gè)共同的廚房里一起喝茶。午夜的時(shí)候場地就會被拆卸，把占用的空間歸還給城市。在這里，城市化是一種彈性的條件。

09:02

And so, if we reflect about thesequestions, I mean, I think many come to mind. But an important one is, are wereally, in our cities, in our imagination about urbanism, making permanentsolutions for temporary problems? Are we locking resources into paradigms thatwe don't even know will be relevant in a decade? This becomes, I think, aninteresting question that arises from this research.

如果我們回想一下這些問題，可能腦海里會浮現(xiàn)好幾個(gè)。但是最重要的一個(gè)就是，在我們的城市里，我們是否憑著我們對城市化的設(shè)想，想要用永恒的方法來解決一時(shí)的問題？我們是否把資源固定成一種范式，甚至并不知道十年之后是否依然有用？這是在這項(xiàng)研究中，我提出的一個(gè)有趣的問題。

09:31

I mean, look at the abandoned shoppingmalls in North America, suburban North America. Retail experts have predictedthat in the next decade, of the 2,000 malls that exist today, 50 percent willbe abandoned. Massive amount of material, capturing resources, that will not berelevant soon.

看看在北美郊區(qū)那些被遺棄的購物廣場。零售專家預(yù)測在10年之后，現(xiàn)存的2000個(gè)購物廣場中，百分之五十會被遺棄。這里面龐大的材料，獲取的資源，很快就沒用了。

09:53

Or the Olympic stadiums. Around the globe,cities build these under great contestation with massive resources, but afterthe games go, they can't often get absorbed into the city. Couldn't these benomadic structures, deflatable, we have the technology for that, that getgifted to smaller towns around the world or in those countries, or are storedand moved for the next Olympics? A massive, inefficient use of resources.

或者世界各地的奧林匹克競技場，各大城市動(dòng)用龐大的資源競相建造，但是奧運(yùn)會一過，這些競技場往往不能融入到城市。為什么我們不能將其變成可移動(dòng)的、可收縮的建筑，我們有這樣的技術(shù)，把它送給下屆主辦國或世界上其他更小的城鎮(zhèn)，又或者收藏起來移交到下一場奧運(yùn)會？這個(gè)資源利用龐大且低效。

10:24

Like the circus. I mean, we could imagineit like the circus, this wonderful institution that used to camp in cities, setup this lovely kind of visual dialogue with the static city. And within it, theamazement. Children of different ethnic groups become suddenly aware of eachother, people of color become aware of others, income groups and cultures andethnicities all come together around the amazement of the ring with animals andperformers. New chemistries are created, people become aware of things, andthis moves on to the next town. Or nature, the fluxes of nature, climatechange, how do we deal with this, can we be more accommodating? Can we createsofter urban systems? Or are we going to challenge nature continuously withheavy infrastructure, which we are already doing, unsuccessfully?

其實(shí)就像馬戲團(tuán)一樣。我們可以把她想象成一個(gè)馬戲團(tuán)，這個(gè)過去駐扎在城市的美好的設(shè)施，在靜態(tài)的城市中所建立起的美好的視覺對話，其中充斥著一種驚奇。不同民族的孩子們突然發(fā)現(xiàn)對方的存在，不同膚色的人們意識到其他人的存在，不同收入群體、不同文化、不同民族的人們 相聚在有動(dòng)物和表演者的，令人驚嘆的馬戲場周圍。新的化學(xué)反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生，人們有所發(fā)現(xiàn)，而這一切將傳遞到下一個(gè)城鎮(zhèn)。或者大自然，流動(dòng)的自然，氣候變化，我們是怎樣處理的呢，我們可否變得更適應(yīng)變化？我們可否創(chuàng)造更柔軟的城市系統(tǒng)？還是說我們是否會沿用那些刻板的基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)，用已經(jīng)在進(jìn)行卻不太成功的方式繼續(xù)不斷挑戰(zhàn)自然？

11:18

Now, I'm not arguing that we've got to makeour cities like a circus, I'm not arguing that cities must be completelytemporary. I'm only making a plea that we need to make a shift in ourimagination about cities, where we need to reserve more space for uses on atemporal scale. Where we need to use our resources efficiently, to extend theexpiry date of our planet. We need to change planning urban design cultures, tothink of the temporal, the reversible, the disassembleable. And that can betremendous in terms of the effect it might have on our lives.

我不是在爭辯要把自己的城市變成馬戲團(tuán)，也不是在勸說城市都應(yīng)該全變成臨時(shí)的。我只是在提出一個(gè)請求，應(yīng)該轉(zhuǎn)變一下我們對城市的設(shè)想，我們需要保留更多的空間，保留一些供臨時(shí)用途的空間。在這些空間里我們需要有效地利用資源，去延長我們星球的壽命。我們需要改變對城市設(shè)計(jì)文化的規(guī)劃，想想那些臨時(shí)的、可逆轉(zhuǎn)的，可拆卸的規(guī)劃。這樣的規(guī)劃可能意義重大，就其影響力而言，可能影響我們的生活。

11:56

I often think back to the Kumbh Mela that Ivisited with my students and I studied, andthe city had been disassembled. A week after the festival was over.There was no mark. The terrain was waiting to be covered over by the water, tobe consumed. And I went to thank a high priestess who had helped us and mystudents through our research and facilitated us through this process. And Iwent to her with great enthusiasm, and I told her about how much we had learnedabout infrastructure, the city, the efficiency of the city, the architecture,the five materials that made the city. She looked really amused, she wassmiling. In any case, she leaned forward and put her hand on my head to blessme. And she whispered in my ear, she said, "Feel blessed that the MotherGanges allowed you all to sit in her lap for a few days."

我常?；叵肫鹞液蛯W(xué)生們一起參加的大壺節(jié)，我在那里做研究，當(dāng)時(shí)整個(gè)城市被拆卸，就在節(jié)慶結(jié)束的一周后。并沒有留下任何痕跡。整個(gè)地帶正等待著被河水淹沒，等待被吞噬。我去向一名女祭司道謝，在研究期間她幫助了我和學(xué)生的研究，指導(dǎo)著我們經(jīng)歷整個(gè)節(jié)慶過程。我滿懷熱情走向她，我跟她說我們學(xué)習(xí)到了很多東西，有關(guān)于基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、城市、還有城市的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)效率，建筑物、打造城市的五種材料。她看起來像是被逗樂了，微笑著。她開始身體前傾，把一只手放在我頭上，予以我祝福。接著她在我耳旁小聲說道，“恒河母親允許你們在她的膝蓋上待上幾天，這是對你們的眷顧。”

12:57

I've often thought about this, and ofcourse, I understood what she said. She said, cities, people, architecture willcome and go, but the planet is here to stay. Touch it lightly, leave a minimalmark. And I think that's an important lesson for us as citizens and architects.And I think it was this experience that made me believe that impermanence isbigger than permanence and bigger than us all.

自那以后我常?；叵肫疬@句話，當(dāng)然我懂她的意思。她說的是，城市、人類和建筑都要經(jīng)歷生死輪回，只有星球是一直存在的。輕輕觸碰，幾乎不著痕跡。我想這對于作為居民和建筑師的大眾來說是很重要的一課。我想正是這段經(jīng)歷讓我相信暫時(shí)的狀態(tài)比永恒更重要，比我們所有人都重要。

13:28

Thank you for listening.

謝謝你們的聆聽。

13:29

(Applause)

（掌聲）