VOA慢速英語：為什么非洲國家對中國的權利記錄大多保持沉默
Why African Nations Are Mostly Silent on China's Rights Record
為什么非洲國家對中國的權利記錄大多保持沉默
JOHANNESBURG, SOUTH AFRICA —
南非約翰內(nèi)斯堡——
Most African states have stayed silent as Western nations and rights groups condemn China over a recent United Nations human rights report on China's treatment of Uyghurs and other ethnic minorities in the Xinjiang region.
大多數(shù)非洲國家一直保持沉默，因為西方國家和人權組織就最近聯(lián)合國人權報告中關于中國對待新疆地區(qū)維吾爾人和其他少數(shù)民族的行為譴責中國。
The report, published by then-U.N. human rights chief Michelle Bachelet on her last day in office in August, said China's actions against Uyghurs and others in the Xinjiang region "may constitute international crimes, in particular crimes against humanity," citing abuses such as arbitrary detention in camps, torture and sexual violence.
該報告由當時的聯(lián)合國發(fā)表。人權事務負責人米歇爾·巴切萊特（Michelle Bachelet）在 8 月任職的最后一天表示，中國針對新疆地區(qū)維吾爾人和其他人的行動“可能構成國際罪行，尤其是危害人類罪”，理由是拘留營中任意拘留、酷刑和性虐待等虐待行為。暴力。
Some Western nations and their allies are now pushing for the U.N. to establish a commission of inquiry to further investigate the report's findings. But whether that happens depends on the number of member states who side with the West.
一些西方國家及其盟友現(xiàn)在正在推動聯(lián)合國成立一個調(diào)查委員會，以進一步調(diào)查報告的調(diào)查結(jié)果。但是否會發(fā)生這種情況取決于支持西方的成員國數(shù)量。
China's ambassador to the U.N. in Geneva, Chen Xu, delivered a joint statement September 13, during the 51st session of the Human Rights Council, saying the Xinjiang assessment was "based on disinformation and draws erroneous conclusions." The statement was signed by 28 other countries, with close to half of the supporters from African countries such as Burundi, Cameroon, Comoros, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Sierra Leone, South Sudan and Zimbabwe.
中國駐日內(nèi)瓦聯(lián)合國大使陳旭于 9 月 13 日在人權理事會第 51 屆會議上發(fā)表聯(lián)合聲明，稱新疆評估“基于虛假信息并得出錯誤結(jié)論”。該聲明由其他28個國家簽署，近一半的支持者來自布隆迪、喀麥隆、科摩羅、埃及、赤道幾內(nèi)亞、幾內(nèi)亞、厄立特里亞、埃塞俄比亞、塞拉利昂、南蘇丹和津巴布韋等非洲國家。
Last year, out of 43 countries, only two in Africa, Eswatini and Liberia, signed a U.N. communique condemning China's policies in Xinjiang. In June, they signed again, but they are rare outliers.
去年，在 43 個國家中，只有斯威士蘭和利比里亞兩個非洲國家簽署了聯(lián)合國公報，譴責中國在新疆的政策。六月，他們再次簽約，但他們是罕見的異常值。
South Africa, the continent's third-largest economy, neither signed the letter supporting China's position nor staked out a position critical of China. Analysts told VOA that South Africa — seen as the continent's leading democracy — has simply mostly remained silent on the issue.
非洲大陸第三大經(jīng)濟體南非既沒有簽署支持中國立場的信函，也沒有表態(tài)批評中國。分析人士告訴美國之音，被視為非洲大陸領先民主國家的南非在這個問題上基本上保持沉默。
"South Africa, with its proud tradition as a shining example for human rights, struggles now, saying nothing about China's apartheid," said Magnus Fiskesjo, an associate professor at Cornell University's Department of Anthropology, alluding to a system of discrimination and segregation that took place in South Africa from 1948 to 1994
康奈爾大學人類學系副教授 Magnus Fiskesjo 說：“南非以其作為人權光輝榜樣的光榮傳統(tǒng)而奮斗，但對中國的種族隔離只字未提。” 1948 年至 1994 年在南非的位置
Officials from South Africa's Department of International Relations and Cooperation did not respond to VOA's request for comment.
南非國際關系與合作部的官員沒有回應美國之音的置評請求。
Siding with China
與中國站在一起
Cobus van Staden, a China-Africa expert at the South African Institute of International Affairs, said that because of China's economic clout, most African countries simply don't want to "pick a fight" over Xinjiang, which, to many, seems far away.
南非國際事務研究所中非專家科布斯·范斯塔登表示，由于中國的經(jīng)濟影響力，大多數(shù)非洲國家根本不想在新疆問題上“挑釁”，在許多人看來，新疆似乎遙不可及離開。
"We've seen most African countries side with China, and this includes a lot of majority Muslim countries. … In terms of how the African partners will vote on the human rights council [if there is a vote], I tend to fear that they will probably vote with China," he said.
“我們已經(jīng)看到大多數(shù)非洲國家站在中國一邊，其中包括許多占多數(shù)的穆斯林國家。……關于非洲伙伴將如何在人權理事會投票[如果有投票權]，我傾向于擔心他們可能會投給中國，”他說。
There are reasons for this, he said. China is Africa's biggest trade partner, far outstripping the West, and a lot of African countries "tend to be quite suspicious of separatist movements and quite suspicious of militant or political Islam." Nigeria, for example, has been plagued by Islamist militant groups.
這是有原因的，他說。中國是非洲最大的貿(mào)易伙伴，遠遠超過西方，許多非洲國家“往往對分裂運動持懷疑態(tài)度，對激進或政治伊斯蘭教持懷疑態(tài)度”。例如，尼日利亞一直受到伊斯蘭激進組織的困擾。
Analysts say some African countries can relate to China's position, as stated by the state-run Xinhua news agency, that "Xinjiang-related issues are not about human rights, ethnicity or religion at all but about combating violent terrorism and separatism."
分析人士說，一些非洲國家可以理解中國的立場，正如官方媒體新華社所說，“與新疆有關的問題根本不是人權、民族或宗教問題，而是打擊暴力恐怖主義和分裂主義。”
Van Staden said that it all plays into the wider animus between the West and its former colonies on the continent, with some African states seeing the West's raising of rights issues such as Xinjiang as hypocritical considering the United States' rights violations at Guantanamo Bay and elsewhere.
范斯塔登說，這一切都加劇了西方與其在非洲大陸的前殖民地之間更廣泛的敵意，一些非洲國家認為西方提出新疆等權利問題是考慮到美國的權利是虛偽的關塔那摩灣和其他地方的違規(guī)行為。
African nations, according to observers, are also unwilling to alienate China, their Belt and Road initiative benefactor and the source of massive infrastructure loans.
據(jù)觀察人士稱，非洲國家也不愿疏遠中國，中國是其“一帶一路”倡議的捐助者和大量基礎設施貸款的來源。
Beijing has been offering African diplomats trips to the Xinjiang region, trying to present its position. Xinhua reported last year that ambassadors to China from the Republic of Congo and Sudan defended Beijing's "anti-terrorism" efforts at a lecture in Beijing. Burkina Faso's ambassador to China, Adama Compaore, reportedly said "Western forces" were "hyping up" the issue."
北京一直在向非洲外交官提供前往新疆地區(qū)的旅行，試圖表明其立場。新華社去年報道說，剛果共和國和蘇丹駐華大使在北京的一次演講中為北京的“反恐”努力辯護。據(jù)報道，布基納法索駐華大使阿達瑪·孔波雷說，“西方勢力”正在“炒作”這個問題。”
Zeenat Adam, deputy executive director of the Afro-Middle East Center in Johannesburg and a former South African diplomat, said such tours by China are "a very strong marketing exercise of trying to continue their reach into Africa and by getting countries from within the African region … to see things from a Chinese government perspective."
約翰內(nèi)斯堡非洲-中東中心副執(zhí)行主任、前南非外交官澤納特·亞當說，中國的此類訪問是“一種非常強大的營銷活動，試圖繼續(xù)進入非洲并讓非洲內(nèi)部的國家參與進來。地區(qū)……從中國政府的角度來看問題。”
"It ensures that their investments and their trade into Africa is unhindered and unquestioned," she added. "Investments from China are lucrative, not just for South Africa but for the entire African region, and this really affects the level of which any of these governments may question the mighty Chinese superpower regarding its policies on Muslims."
“這確保他們在非洲的投資和貿(mào)易不受阻礙和毫無疑問，”她補充說。 “來自中國的投資是有利可圖的，不僅對南非，而且對整個非洲地區(qū)，這確實影響了這些政府中的任何一個對強大的中國超級大國對穆斯林政策提出質(zhì)疑的程度。”
China's Muslim supporters
中國的穆斯林支持者
Egypt is among the Muslim countries in Africa that have supported China on the Uyghur issue, says Bradley Jardine, a political analyst who focuses on China and recently published a study for the Wilson Center on China's global campaign against the Uyghurs.
專注于中國的政治分析家布拉德利·賈丁 (Bradley Jardine) 表示，埃及是非洲穆斯林國家之一，他在維吾爾問題上支持中國，他最近為威爾遜中心發(fā)表了一份關于中國全球反維吾爾運動的研究報告。
Across the Muslim world, it's a very diverse region with very diverse strategic interests," he said. "There are a lot of economic interests at play, particularly [with] actors such as Egypt, who in 2017 detained hundreds of Uyghur students and deported them to China."
“在整個穆斯林世界，這是一個非常多樣化的地區(qū)，具有非常多樣化的戰(zhàn)略利益，”他說。 “有很多經(jīng)濟利益在起作用，特別是像埃及這樣的演員，他們在 2017 年拘留了數(shù)百名維吾爾學生并將他們驅(qū)逐到中國。
”Across the Muslim world, it's a very diverse region with very diverse strategic interests," he said. "There are a lot of economic interests at play, particularly [with] actors such as Egypt, who in 2017 detained hundreds of Uyghur students and deported them to China."
“在整個穆斯林世界，這是一個非常多樣化的地區(qū)，具有非常多樣化的戰(zhàn)略利益，”他說。 “有很多經(jīng)濟利益在起作用，特別是像埃及這樣的演員，他們在 2017 年拘留了數(shù)百名維吾爾學生并將他們驅(qū)逐到中國。”
According to Jardine's research, more than 1,500 Uyghurs abroad have been detained or extradited — many in North Africa.
根據(jù)怡和的研究，超過1,500 名海外維吾爾人被拘留或引渡，其中許多在北非。
Carine Kaneza Nantulya, Africa advocacy director at Human Rights Watch, said she sees a slight decline in joint statements with China on the Xinjiang issue. "The number of signatories has not only plateaued but, in fact, recently dropped."
人權觀察非洲倡導主任卡琳·卡內(nèi)扎·南圖利亞（Carine Kaneza Nantulya）表示，她認為與中國在新疆問題上的聯(lián)合聲明略有下降。 “簽署國的數(shù)量不僅停滯不前，而且事實上最近有所下降。”
"Plenty of other African states have abstained, declining to join China's counternarrative," she said, pointing to Eswatini and Liberia, who joined other countries in condemning China's policies in Xinjiang.
“許多其他非洲國家已經(jīng)棄權，拒絕加入中國的反敘事，”她指著斯威士蘭和利比里亞說與其他國家一起譴責中國在新疆的政策。
為什么非洲國家對中國的權利記錄大多保持沉默
JOHANNESBURG, SOUTH AFRICA —
南非約翰內(nèi)斯堡——
Most African states have stayed silent as Western nations and rights groups condemn China over a recent United Nations human rights report on China's treatment of Uyghurs and other ethnic minorities in the Xinjiang region.
大多數(shù)非洲國家一直保持沉默，因為西方國家和人權組織就最近聯(lián)合國人權報告中關于中國對待新疆地區(qū)維吾爾人和其他少數(shù)民族的行為譴責中國。
The report, published by then-U.N. human rights chief Michelle Bachelet on her last day in office in August, said China's actions against Uyghurs and others in the Xinjiang region "may constitute international crimes, in particular crimes against humanity," citing abuses such as arbitrary detention in camps, torture and sexual violence.
該報告由當時的聯(lián)合國發(fā)表。人權事務負責人米歇爾·巴切萊特（Michelle Bachelet）在 8 月任職的最后一天表示，中國針對新疆地區(qū)維吾爾人和其他人的行動“可能構成國際罪行，尤其是危害人類罪”，理由是拘留營中任意拘留、酷刑和性虐待等虐待行為。暴力。
Some Western nations and their allies are now pushing for the U.N. to establish a commission of inquiry to further investigate the report's findings. But whether that happens depends on the number of member states who side with the West.
一些西方國家及其盟友現(xiàn)在正在推動聯(lián)合國成立一個調(diào)查委員會，以進一步調(diào)查報告的調(diào)查結(jié)果。但是否會發(fā)生這種情況取決于支持西方的成員國數(shù)量。
China's ambassador to the U.N. in Geneva, Chen Xu, delivered a joint statement September 13, during the 51st session of the Human Rights Council, saying the Xinjiang assessment was "based on disinformation and draws erroneous conclusions." The statement was signed by 28 other countries, with close to half of the supporters from African countries such as Burundi, Cameroon, Comoros, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Sierra Leone, South Sudan and Zimbabwe.
中國駐日內(nèi)瓦聯(lián)合國大使陳旭于 9 月 13 日在人權理事會第 51 屆會議上發(fā)表聯(lián)合聲明，稱新疆評估“基于虛假信息并得出錯誤結(jié)論”。該聲明由其他28個國家簽署，近一半的支持者來自布隆迪、喀麥隆、科摩羅、埃及、赤道幾內(nèi)亞、幾內(nèi)亞、厄立特里亞、埃塞俄比亞、塞拉利昂、南蘇丹和津巴布韋等非洲國家。
Last year, out of 43 countries, only two in Africa, Eswatini and Liberia, signed a U.N. communique condemning China's policies in Xinjiang. In June, they signed again, but they are rare outliers.
去年，在 43 個國家中，只有斯威士蘭和利比里亞兩個非洲國家簽署了聯(lián)合國公報，譴責中國在新疆的政策。六月，他們再次簽約，但他們是罕見的異常值。
South Africa, the continent's third-largest economy, neither signed the letter supporting China's position nor staked out a position critical of China. Analysts told VOA that South Africa — seen as the continent's leading democracy — has simply mostly remained silent on the issue.
非洲大陸第三大經(jīng)濟體南非既沒有簽署支持中國立場的信函，也沒有表態(tài)批評中國。分析人士告訴美國之音，被視為非洲大陸領先民主國家的南非在這個問題上基本上保持沉默。
"South Africa, with its proud tradition as a shining example for human rights, struggles now, saying nothing about China's apartheid," said Magnus Fiskesjo, an associate professor at Cornell University's Department of Anthropology, alluding to a system of discrimination and segregation that took place in South Africa from 1948 to 1994
康奈爾大學人類學系副教授 Magnus Fiskesjo 說：“南非以其作為人權光輝榜樣的光榮傳統(tǒng)而奮斗，但對中國的種族隔離只字未提。” 1948 年至 1994 年在南非的位置
Officials from South Africa's Department of International Relations and Cooperation did not respond to VOA's request for comment.
南非國際關系與合作部的官員沒有回應美國之音的置評請求。
Siding with China
與中國站在一起
Cobus van Staden, a China-Africa expert at the South African Institute of International Affairs, said that because of China's economic clout, most African countries simply don't want to "pick a fight" over Xinjiang, which, to many, seems far away.
南非國際事務研究所中非專家科布斯·范斯塔登表示，由于中國的經(jīng)濟影響力，大多數(shù)非洲國家根本不想在新疆問題上“挑釁”，在許多人看來，新疆似乎遙不可及離開。
"We've seen most African countries side with China, and this includes a lot of majority Muslim countries. … In terms of how the African partners will vote on the human rights council [if there is a vote], I tend to fear that they will probably vote with China," he said.
“我們已經(jīng)看到大多數(shù)非洲國家站在中國一邊，其中包括許多占多數(shù)的穆斯林國家。……關于非洲伙伴將如何在人權理事會投票[如果有投票權]，我傾向于擔心他們可能會投給中國，”他說。
There are reasons for this, he said. China is Africa's biggest trade partner, far outstripping the West, and a lot of African countries "tend to be quite suspicious of separatist movements and quite suspicious of militant or political Islam." Nigeria, for example, has been plagued by Islamist militant groups.
這是有原因的，他說。中國是非洲最大的貿(mào)易伙伴，遠遠超過西方，許多非洲國家“往往對分裂運動持懷疑態(tài)度，對激進或政治伊斯蘭教持懷疑態(tài)度”。例如，尼日利亞一直受到伊斯蘭激進組織的困擾。
Analysts say some African countries can relate to China's position, as stated by the state-run Xinhua news agency, that "Xinjiang-related issues are not about human rights, ethnicity or religion at all but about combating violent terrorism and separatism."
分析人士說，一些非洲國家可以理解中國的立場，正如官方媒體新華社所說，“與新疆有關的問題根本不是人權、民族或宗教問題，而是打擊暴力恐怖主義和分裂主義。”
Van Staden said that it all plays into the wider animus between the West and its former colonies on the continent, with some African states seeing the West's raising of rights issues such as Xinjiang as hypocritical considering the United States' rights violations at Guantanamo Bay and elsewhere.
范斯塔登說，這一切都加劇了西方與其在非洲大陸的前殖民地之間更廣泛的敵意，一些非洲國家認為西方提出新疆等權利問題是考慮到美國的權利是虛偽的關塔那摩灣和其他地方的違規(guī)行為。
African nations, according to observers, are also unwilling to alienate China, their Belt and Road initiative benefactor and the source of massive infrastructure loans.
據(jù)觀察人士稱，非洲國家也不愿疏遠中國，中國是其“一帶一路”倡議的捐助者和大量基礎設施貸款的來源。
Beijing has been offering African diplomats trips to the Xinjiang region, trying to present its position. Xinhua reported last year that ambassadors to China from the Republic of Congo and Sudan defended Beijing's "anti-terrorism" efforts at a lecture in Beijing. Burkina Faso's ambassador to China, Adama Compaore, reportedly said "Western forces" were "hyping up" the issue."
北京一直在向非洲外交官提供前往新疆地區(qū)的旅行，試圖表明其立場。新華社去年報道說，剛果共和國和蘇丹駐華大使在北京的一次演講中為北京的“反恐”努力辯護。據(jù)報道，布基納法索駐華大使阿達瑪·孔波雷說，“西方勢力”正在“炒作”這個問題。”
Zeenat Adam, deputy executive director of the Afro-Middle East Center in Johannesburg and a former South African diplomat, said such tours by China are "a very strong marketing exercise of trying to continue their reach into Africa and by getting countries from within the African region … to see things from a Chinese government perspective."
約翰內(nèi)斯堡非洲-中東中心副執(zhí)行主任、前南非外交官澤納特·亞當說，中國的此類訪問是“一種非常強大的營銷活動，試圖繼續(xù)進入非洲并讓非洲內(nèi)部的國家參與進來。地區(qū)……從中國政府的角度來看問題。”
"It ensures that their investments and their trade into Africa is unhindered and unquestioned," she added. "Investments from China are lucrative, not just for South Africa but for the entire African region, and this really affects the level of which any of these governments may question the mighty Chinese superpower regarding its policies on Muslims."
“這確保他們在非洲的投資和貿(mào)易不受阻礙和毫無疑問，”她補充說。 “來自中國的投資是有利可圖的，不僅對南非，而且對整個非洲地區(qū)，這確實影響了這些政府中的任何一個對強大的中國超級大國對穆斯林政策提出質(zhì)疑的程度。”
China's Muslim supporters
中國的穆斯林支持者
Egypt is among the Muslim countries in Africa that have supported China on the Uyghur issue, says Bradley Jardine, a political analyst who focuses on China and recently published a study for the Wilson Center on China's global campaign against the Uyghurs.
專注于中國的政治分析家布拉德利·賈丁 (Bradley Jardine) 表示，埃及是非洲穆斯林國家之一，他在維吾爾問題上支持中國，他最近為威爾遜中心發(fā)表了一份關于中國全球反維吾爾運動的研究報告。
Across the Muslim world, it's a very diverse region with very diverse strategic interests," he said. "There are a lot of economic interests at play, particularly [with] actors such as Egypt, who in 2017 detained hundreds of Uyghur students and deported them to China."
“在整個穆斯林世界，這是一個非常多樣化的地區(qū)，具有非常多樣化的戰(zhàn)略利益，”他說。 “有很多經(jīng)濟利益在起作用，特別是像埃及這樣的演員，他們在 2017 年拘留了數(shù)百名維吾爾學生并將他們驅(qū)逐到中國。
”Across the Muslim world, it's a very diverse region with very diverse strategic interests," he said. "There are a lot of economic interests at play, particularly [with] actors such as Egypt, who in 2017 detained hundreds of Uyghur students and deported them to China."
“在整個穆斯林世界，這是一個非常多樣化的地區(qū)，具有非常多樣化的戰(zhàn)略利益，”他說。 “有很多經(jīng)濟利益在起作用，特別是像埃及這樣的演員，他們在 2017 年拘留了數(shù)百名維吾爾學生并將他們驅(qū)逐到中國。”
According to Jardine's research, more than 1,500 Uyghurs abroad have been detained or extradited — many in North Africa.
根據(jù)怡和的研究，超過1,500 名海外維吾爾人被拘留或引渡，其中許多在北非。
Carine Kaneza Nantulya, Africa advocacy director at Human Rights Watch, said she sees a slight decline in joint statements with China on the Xinjiang issue. "The number of signatories has not only plateaued but, in fact, recently dropped."
人權觀察非洲倡導主任卡琳·卡內(nèi)扎·南圖利亞（Carine Kaneza Nantulya）表示，她認為與中國在新疆問題上的聯(lián)合聲明略有下降。 “簽署國的數(shù)量不僅停滯不前，而且事實上最近有所下降。”
"Plenty of other African states have abstained, declining to join China's counternarrative," she said, pointing to Eswatini and Liberia, who joined other countries in condemning China's policies in Xinjiang.
“許多其他非洲國家已經(jīng)棄權，拒絕加入中國的反敘事，”她指著斯威士蘭和利比里亞說與其他國家一起譴責中國在新疆的政策。
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