2022年12月19日 VOA慢速英語：水危機(jī)威脅著印度尼西亞的巴厘島

 

Bali, Indonesia, is facing a worsening water crisis from tourism development, population growth and water mismanagement. Shortages already are affecting UNESCO World Heritage structure, food production and Balinese culture.
由于旅游業(yè)發(fā)展、人口增長和水資源管理不善，印度尼西亞巴厘島正面臨日益嚴(yán)重的水資源危機(jī)。短缺已經(jīng)影響到聯(lián)合國教科文組織世界遺產(chǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)、糧食生產(chǎn)和巴厘島文化。
 
Experts warn the situation will worsen if existing water control policies are not enforced across the island.
專家警告說，如果不在全島執(zhí)行現(xiàn)有的水資源控制政策，情況將會(huì)惡化。
 
"It is no longer possible to work in the fields as a farmer," said farmer I Ketut Jata. He said the land is too dry to grow rice which he sells to provide for his family.
農(nóng)民 I Ketut Jata 說：“作為農(nóng)民，再也不可能在田里工作了。”他說土地太干了，無法種植水稻，他賣掉這些水稻養(yǎng)家糊口。
 
Bali is in the center of Indonesia's group of islands. Bali gets its water from three main sources: lakes, rivers and groundwater. A traditional irrigation system, called the "subak", sends water through a network of waterways, dams and tunnels.
巴厘島位于印度尼西亞群島的中心。巴厘島的水主要來自三個(gè)來源：湖泊、河流和地下水。一種稱為“subak”的傳統(tǒng)灌溉系統(tǒng)通過水道、水壩和隧道網(wǎng)絡(luò)輸送水。
 
The subak was named a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2012. The system is central to Balinese culture. It represents the Balinese Hindu idea of harmony between people, nature and spirituality.
蘇巴克于 2012 年被聯(lián)合國教科文組織列為世界遺產(chǎn)。該系統(tǒng)是巴厘島文化的核心。它代表了巴厘島印度教關(guān)于人、自然和靈性之間和諧相處的理念。
 
"This is one of the very special cases of living landscapes in Asia," said Feng Jing, who works with UNESCO in Bangkok.
“這是亞洲生活景觀中非常特殊的案例之一，”在曼谷與聯(lián)合國教科文組織合作的馮靜說。
 
But demand is putting severe pressure on the subak and other water resources, said Putu Bawa. He is with the Bali Water Protection program.
但 Putu Bawa 說，需求給蘇巴克和其他水資源帶來了巨大壓力。他參與了巴厘島水資源保護(hù)計(jì)劃。
 
The island's population increased by more than 70 percent from 1980 to 2020, to 4.3 million people, found government data. Tourism growth has been even greater: Less than 140,000 foreign visitors came to the island in 1980. By 2019, there were more than 6.2 million foreign and 10.5 million Indonesian tourists.
政府?dāng)?shù)據(jù)顯示，該島的人口從 1980 年到 2020 年增加了 70% 以上，達(dá)到 430 萬人。旅游業(yè)的增長甚至更大：1980 年，不到 14 萬外國游客來到該島。到 2019 年，外國游客超過 620 萬，印度尼西亞游客超過 1050 萬。
 
Bali's economy has done very well with tourism, but at a cost. Rice fields where the subak once ran through have been turned into golf courses and water parks. Forests that naturally collect water for the subak have been destroyed for new homes and hotels, Bawa said.
 
Stroma Cole is with the University of Westminster in London. She has researched tourism's impact on Bali's water supplies. Cole said the water table is also dropping because people and businesses use private wells instead of government-owned supplies. The water table is the upper level of an underground surface in which rocks or soil are always surrounded by water.
Stroma Cole 在倫敦的威斯敏斯特大學(xué)工作。她研究了旅游業(yè)對巴厘島供水的影響。科爾說，地下水位也在下降，因?yàn)槿藗兒推髽I(yè)使用私人水井而不是政府所有的水源。地下水位是地下表面的上層，巖石或土壤始終被水包圍。
 
In less than 10 years, Bali's water table has sunk more than 50 meters in some areas. Wells are becoming dry or have been damaged with salt water, especially in the island's south.
在不到10年的時(shí)間里，巴厘島部分地區(qū)的地下水位已經(jīng)下降了50多米。水井正在變得干涸或被鹽水破壞，特別是在該島的南部。
 
Bali does have rules, like water permits and taxes on water used. They are meant to control the island's water supplies, but there is no enforcement, Cole said.
巴厘島確實(shí)有規(guī)定，例如用水許可證和用水稅?？茽栒f，他們的目的是控制島上的供水，但沒有強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行。
 
The serious effect of the water crisis can be seen in Jatiluwih, in northwestern Bali. The area has the island's largest rice farms.
在巴厘島西北部的 Jatiluwih 可以看到水危機(jī)的嚴(yán)重影響。該地區(qū)擁有島上最大的水稻農(nóng)場。
 
For generations, farmers used the subak system for irrigation. But in the past 19 years, farmers have had to pump water through white plastic pipes to irrigate the fields.
幾代人以來，農(nóng)民都使用 subak 系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行灌溉。但在過去的 19 年里，農(nóng)民不得不通過白色塑料管道抽水灌溉田地。
 
Some Bali farmers say they can only get one rice harvest a year, instead of two or three because of limited water supplies, Cole's research found. That could reduce food production on the island.
科爾的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，一些巴厘島農(nóng)民表示，由于水供應(yīng)有限，他們一年只能收獲一季水稻，而不是兩三季。這可能會(huì)減少島上的糧食產(chǎn)量。
 
When Indonesia closed its borders during the pandemic, Bali's tourism greatly dropped. Environmental activists hoped the closure would help raise water levels in the wells.
當(dāng)印度尼西亞在大流行期間關(guān)閉邊界時(shí)，巴厘島的旅游業(yè)大幅下降。環(huán)保人士希望關(guān)閉水井有助于提高水井的水位。
 
But development across the island has continued, including a new road that activists say will further affect the subak system. New hotels, homes and other businesses are also adding to the demand.
但全島的開發(fā)仍在繼續(xù)，包括一條新道路，活動(dòng)人士稱這將進(jìn)一步影響蘇巴克系統(tǒng)。新的酒店、住宅和其他業(yè)務(wù)也在增加需求。
 
Bawa said tourism is important to Bali but there also should be better enforcement and increased monitoring to protect the island's water resources.
巴瓦說，旅游業(yè)對巴厘島很重要，但也應(yīng)該加強(qiáng)執(zhí)法和加強(qiáng)監(jiān)測，以保護(hù)島上的水資源。
 
"We need to do this together for the sake of the survival of the island."
“為了這個(gè)島的生存，我們需要一起做這件事。”