別再否認(rèn)了，成功當(dāng)然跟運(yùn)氣有關(guān)

Chance events play a much larger role in life than many people once imagined.

偶然事件對(duì)于命運(yùn)的改變，比許多人以前想象的要大得多。

Most of us have no difficulty recognizing luck when it’s on conspicuous display, as when someone wins the lottery. But randomness often plays out in subtle ways, and it’s easy to construct narratives that portray success as having been inevitable. Those stories are almost invariably misleading, however, a simple fact that has surprising implications for public policy.

當(dāng)好運(yùn)以非常引人注目的方式降臨，比如有人中了彩票，我們大部分人不難看出來(lái)。但這種偶然因素往往以不易察覺的方式起作用，因此人們?nèi)菀讟?gòu)建出一種邏輯，將成功描繪為必然的。然而，這些成功故事幾乎都不可避免地存在誤導(dǎo)性，而這樣一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的事實(shí)，會(huì)對(duì)公共政策產(chǎn)生令人意外的后果。

Consider the history of the Mona Lisa, perhaps the most famous painting in the world. After having languished in obscurity for most of its early existence, Leonardo da Vinci’s work was pushed into the spotlight in 1911 when it was stolen from the Louvre.

來(lái)看看《蒙娜麗莎》(Mona Lisa)的歷史吧。這或許是世界上最知名的一幅畫。在誕生之初的大多數(shù)時(shí)間里，萊昂納多·達(dá)芬奇(Leonardo da Vinci)的這幅畫作一直默默無(wú)聞。直到1911年，它從盧浮宮被盜，方才突然成為眾人關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)。

The widely publicized theft remained unsolved for two years until Vincenzo Peruggia, an Italian maintenance worker at the Louvre, was apprehended after trying to sell the painting to the Uffizi Gallery in Florence, Italy. His arrest provoked a second wave of publicity, with images of the Mona Lisa splashed around the world.

兩年后，這樁廣為人知的盜竊事件終于告破。當(dāng)時(shí)，盧浮宮的意大利維修工溫琴佐·佩魯賈(Vincenzo Peruggia)試圖將這幅畫賣給位于意大利佛羅倫薩的烏菲齊美術(shù)館(Uffizi Gallery)，隨即被捕。此人歸案再次引發(fā)人們對(duì)《蒙娜麗莎》的廣泛關(guān)注，它的圖片出現(xiàn)在世界各地的媒體上。

In the years since, the painting has come to represent Western culture itself. Yet had it never been stolen, most of us would know no more about it than we do of the two obscure Leonardo da Vinci canvases from the same period that hang in an adjacent gallery at the Louvre. Like Kim Kardashian, apparently, the Mona Lisa is famous largely for being famous.

在之后的多年里，這幅畫逐漸成為西方文化本身的代表。但是，如果不是因?yàn)楫?dāng)初被盜，我們大多數(shù)人對(duì)它的了解，不會(huì)比萊昂納多·達(dá)芬奇同一時(shí)期創(chuàng)作的另外兩幅鮮為人知的油畫更多。后二者就掛在盧浮宮內(nèi)與《蒙娜麗莎》相鄰的展廳內(nèi)。顯然，就像金·卡戴珊(Kim Kardashian)一樣，《蒙娜麗莎》之所以這么出名，很大程度上就是因?yàn)榇蠹抑懒怂拇嬖凇?/p>

As in the art world, so too in the world of work. Almost every career trajectory entails a complex sequence of steps, each of which depends on those preceding it. If any of those earlier steps had been different, the entire trajectory would almost surely have been different, too.

職場(chǎng)和藝術(shù)界是一樣的。幾乎每個(gè)人的事業(yè)軌跡都是由一系列復(fù)雜的步驟組成，其中的每一步都取決于前面邁出了什么樣的步伐。如果早前的步伐中有任何一步是另外一個(gè)樣子，幾乎可以肯定，整個(gè)軌跡也會(huì)因之不同。

Inevitably, some of those initial steps will have been influenced by seemingly trivial random events. So it is reasonable to conclude that virtually all successful careers entail at least a modicum of luck.

而在最初的步伐中，有些不可避免地會(huì)受到看似微不足道的偶然事件的影響。所以我們可以得出這樣一個(gè)合理的結(jié)論：所有成功的職業(yè)生涯至少都包含些許的運(yùn)氣成分。

One’s date of birth can matter enormously, for example. According to a 2008 study, most children born in the summer tend to be among the youngest members of their class at school, which appears to explain why they are significantly less likely to hold leadership positions during high school and thus, another study indicates, less likely to land premium jobs later in life. Similarly, according to research published in the journal Economics Letters in 2012, the number of American chief executives who were born in June and July is almost one-third lower than would be expected on the basis of chance alone.

比如，一個(gè)人的出生日期就可以產(chǎn)生非常大的影響。2008年的一項(xiàng)研究顯示，大多數(shù)出生在夏天的孩子往往是班上最小的學(xué)生，而這似乎解釋了為何他們?cè)诤艽蟪潭壬喜惶赡茉诟咧衅陂g擔(dān)任領(lǐng)導(dǎo)角色，因此就像另一項(xiàng)研究顯示的，也就不太可能在以后的生活中獲得優(yōu)質(zhì)工作機(jī)會(huì)。2012年刊登于《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)快報(bào)》雜志(Economics Letters)的一項(xiàng)研究也顯示，出生在6月和7月的美國(guó)企業(yè)首席執(zhí)行官比單就概率計(jì)算應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)的人數(shù)少了將近三分之一。

Even the first letter of a person’s last name can explain significant achievement gaps. Assistant professors in the 10 top-ranked American economics departments, for instance, were more likely to be promoted to tenure the earlier the first letter of their last names fell in the alphabet, a 2006 study found. Researchers attributed this to the custom in economics of listing co-authors’ names alphabetically on papers, noting that no similar effect existed for professors in psychology, whose names are not listed alphabetically.

就連姓氏的首字母也有可能是人們?nèi)〉玫某删吞觳畹貏e的原因。比如，2006年的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，對(duì)于美國(guó)最頂級(jí)的十個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院系的助理教授來(lái)說(shuō)，其姓氏首字母在字母表中的位置越靠前，就有可能越早獲得終身教職。研究人員將其中的原因歸為經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)領(lǐng)域的一種慣例，即發(fā)表論文時(shí)按姓氏首字母對(duì)共同作者進(jìn)行排序。這項(xiàng)研究還指出，心理學(xué)領(lǐng)域的教授發(fā)表論文時(shí)排名不按姓氏字母順序，就不存在類似的效應(yīng)。

To acknowledge the importance of random events is not to suggest that success is independent of talent and effort. In highly competitive arenas, those who do well are almost always extremely talented and hard-working. As Charlie Munger, the vice chairman of Warren E. Buffett’s holding company, Berkshire Hathaway, has said, “The safest way to get what you want is to try and deserve what you want.”

認(rèn)可偶然事件的重要性，不是為了證明成功不依賴于天賦和努力。事實(shí)上，在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)極為激烈的領(lǐng)域，表現(xiàn)好的人幾乎總是極具天賦而又非常勤勉的人。就像沃倫·E·巴菲特(Warren E. Buffett)的控股公司伯克希爾-哈撒韋(Berkshire Hathaway)的副董事長(zhǎng)查理·芒格(Charlie Munger)曾經(jīng)說(shuō)過(guò)的，“要得到自己想要的東西，最穩(wěn)妥的辦法就是努力讓自己變成值得擁有那一切的人。”

Perhaps the most useful advice for someone who aspires to material success is to develop expertise at a task that others value. Such expertise comes not from luck but from thousands of hours of assiduous effort.

對(duì)于渴望獲得物質(zhì)成功的人士來(lái)說(shuō)，最有用的建議或許是在被他人看重的某一領(lǐng)域掌握自己的專長(zhǎng)。這種專長(zhǎng)不可能來(lái)自運(yùn)氣，而是要靠成千上萬(wàn)個(gè)小時(shí)的刻苦努力。

But talent and effort are not enough. Luck also matters. Even the most able, industrious people in South Sudan have little chance at success. Success is not guaranteed for deserving people in wealthy countries with highly developed legal and educational institutions and other infrastructure, but it’s substantially more likely.

但光有天賦和努力是不夠的。運(yùn)氣也很重要。即便是最有能力、最勤勉的人，在南蘇丹獲得成功的機(jī)會(huì)也微乎其微。并不是說(shuō)，在擁有高度發(fā)達(dá)的法律、教育體系及其他基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的富裕國(guó)家，理應(yīng)獲得成功的人就一定能成功，但他們的幾率會(huì)大很多。

Being born in a good environment is one of the few dimensions of luck we can control — that is, at least we can decide how lucky our children will be. But as a nation, we’ve been doing a bad job of it for at least a generation. The luckiest are getting luckier even as their numbers shrink. The unlucky population is growing, and its luck is getting worse.

出生在一個(gè)良好的環(huán)境里，是我們所能掌控的為數(shù)不多的一項(xiàng)運(yùn)氣——也就是說(shuō)，我們至少能決定讓自己的孩子擁有多大的運(yùn)氣。不過(guò)，作為一個(gè)國(guó)家，我們?cè)谶@方面做得并不好，至少在這二三十年里是如此。最幸運(yùn)的人群在變得更加幸運(yùn)，盡管他們的人數(shù)減少了。而不幸人群的基數(shù)卻在增加，其運(yùn)氣也在變得更差。

These changes have stemmed in part from sharply diminished public support for education. According to a 2015 report by the nonpartisan Center for Budget and Policy Priorities, for example, state spending per student averaged about 20 percent less in 2014-15 than in the 2007-8 school year. More than 70 percent of students who graduated from four-year colleges in 2015 had student loans that averaged $35,000.

出現(xiàn)這些變化，有一部分原因是教育方面得到的公共支持急劇減少。比如，無(wú)黨派機(jī)構(gòu)預(yù)算與政策重點(diǎn)中心(Center for Budget and Policy Priorities)在2015年發(fā)表的一份報(bào)告顯示，2014至2015學(xué)年，各州在每個(gè)學(xué)生身上的平均支出比2007至2008學(xué)年降低了20%。2015年從四年制學(xué)院畢業(yè)的學(xué)生，有超過(guò)70%背負(fù)著學(xué)生貸款，平均額度達(dá)3.5萬(wàn)美元。

It’s no surprise, then, that access to the benefits of a college degree continues to depend heavily on family income. According to a study from the Alliance for Higher Education and Democracy, at the University of Pennsylvania, and the Pell Institute for the Study of Opportunity in Higher Education, 77 percent of offspring of families in the top income quartile had earned college degrees by age 24 in 2013, compared with only 9 percent of those from bottom-quartile families. More troubling, the disparity persists even when controlling for precollege academic aptitude scores.

因此也就不必奇怪，一個(gè)人能否享受大學(xué)學(xué)位帶來(lái)的好處，會(huì)持續(xù)地嚴(yán)重依賴于其家庭收入狀況。賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)(University of Pennsylvania)高等教育與民主聯(lián)盟(Alliance for Higher Education and Democracy)和佩爾高等教育機(jī)會(huì)研究所(Pell Institute for the Study of Opportunity in Higher Education)共同進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，2013年，收入水平處在前四分之一范圍內(nèi)的家庭的子女，有77%在24歲前拿到了大學(xué)學(xué)位;相比之下，來(lái)自后四分之一收入家庭的學(xué)生拿到學(xué)位的比例只有9%。更讓人不安的是，即便排除了大學(xué)前的學(xué)術(shù)能力測(cè)驗(yàn)分?jǐn)?shù)的影響，這種懸殊的差距依然存在。

The human tendency to underestimate luck’s role has contributed to this troubling state of affairs by reducing the electorate’s willingness to support the public investments that make economic success possible. But the taxes people want to avoid need not be personally painful.

人們有低估運(yùn)氣的作用的傾向，這幫助促成了如今這種令人不安的狀況，因?yàn)樗档土诉x民們支持有可能帶來(lái)經(jīng)濟(jì)成功的公共投資的意愿。但納稅人就是想避開無(wú)關(guān)個(gè)人痛苦的需求。

Evidence from the social sciences demonstrates that beyond a certain income threshold, people’s sense of well-being depends much more on their relative purchasing power than on how much they spend in absolute terms. If top tax rates were a little higher, all homes would be a little smaller, all cars a little less expensive, all diamonds a little more modest and all celebrations a little less costly. The standards that define “special” would adjust accordingly, leaving most successful people quite satisfied.

來(lái)自社會(huì)科學(xué)研究的證據(jù)證明，除了一定程度的收入門檻，人們的幸福感更多地取決于他們的相對(duì)購(gòu)買力，而非他們支出絕對(duì)值的多少。如果最高稅率略微高一些，所有的住宅都會(huì)略微小一些，所有汽車都會(huì)略微便宜一些，所有的鉆石首飾都會(huì)略微樸素一些，所有慶?；顒?dòng)的開支都會(huì)略微低一些。定義“特別”的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)會(huì)相應(yīng)地發(fā)生改變，讓大多數(shù)成功人士感覺相當(dāng)滿意。

Happily, there is a simple remedy: Merely prompting people to reflect on their good fortune tends to make them more willing to contribute to the common good, according to a 2010 study published in the journal Emotion. So try to engage your successful friends in discussions about their experiences with luck. In the process, you may increase their willingness to support the kinds of public investments that will enhance the next generation’s odds of success. And you will almost surely hear some interesting stories.

幸運(yùn)的是，這里有一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的解決之道：2010年發(fā)表在《情緒》期刊(Emotion)上的一項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果顯示，只需敦促人們反思自己獲得的好運(yùn)氣，就有可能讓他們更愿意為公共利益做貢獻(xiàn)。所以盡力讓你身邊那些比較成功的朋友們談?wù)撟约盒疫\(yùn)的經(jīng)歷。在這個(gè)過(guò)程中，你或許能增加他們支持一些能提高下一代成功幾率的公共投資的意愿。而且?guī)缀蹩梢钥隙ǖ氖?，你也?huì)聽到一些有趣的故事。