學(xué)習(xí)如何事半功倍？

“Be sure to study hard for that test!”

“要為考試努力學(xué)習(xí)!”

How many times have you heard that? But what does it even mean to study hard? Do you have to study until your head hurts? It sounds like it!

聽(tīng)過(guò)這句話無(wú)數(shù)次了?但是到底什么才是努力學(xué)習(xí)?要學(xué)到頭疼?聽(tīng)起來(lái)是的!

The whole idea of studying harder suggests that you really don’t try very hard as a normal practice, and that is probably not true. So instead of studying harder for better results, you can study smarter, and there is good news: it won’t give you a headache.

努力學(xué)習(xí)意味著你平常并不把努力當(dāng)做一回事兒，但事實(shí)可能并非如此。因此，除了為得到高分而努力學(xué)習(xí)，你可以聰明地學(xué)，好消息是：聰明地學(xué)可不會(huì)頭疼。

How to Study Smarter

怎樣聰明地學(xué)

There are a few adjustments you can make to your normal study routine to make the most of your time and effort. These adjustments are based on a few scientific discoveries about learning.

在你日常的學(xué)習(xí)規(guī)劃中做出適當(dāng)調(diào)整可以充分利用時(shí)間和努力。這些調(diào)整基于有關(guān)學(xué)習(xí)的科學(xué)調(diào)查。

We learn over time with repetition.

我們學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)要復(fù)習(xí)。

We learn from active experience.

我們要在積極體驗(yàn)中學(xué)。

We learn through comparison.

我們要通過(guò)對(duì)比來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)。

We learn by testing ourselves.

我們要通過(guò)測(cè)試來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)。

Time and Repetition

學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間和復(fù)習(xí)

Some studies on brain science have shown that the practice of revisiting information enhances learning. In other words, it is a good idea to study material more than one time, over a period of days.

有關(guān)腦部的研究表明復(fù)習(xí)有助于強(qiáng)化所學(xué)內(nèi)容。換言之，學(xué)習(xí)最好不止一遍，要隔幾天復(fù)習(xí)一次。

To study smarter, then, you should start your study session a few days ahead of time and study a few hours, walk away from the material, and study the same material again a few days later.

要聰明地學(xué)，就要在計(jì)劃前幾天開(kāi)始學(xué)習(xí)，學(xué)幾個(gè)小時(shí)，放下學(xué)習(xí)材料，幾天后再看一次。

Learn Through Experience

通過(guò)體驗(yàn)學(xué)習(xí)

There are indications that our brains love to make associations or “connections” when we read or observe something new. It seems that the more we enhance the experience as we read, the more we may retain.

研究表明大腦在我們閱讀或觀察新事物時(shí)喜歡建立聯(lián)系。這表明，閱讀時(shí)我們強(qiáng)化的體驗(yàn)越多，我們能記下的就越多。

As you study, you should incorporate active study strategies like drawing images, writing outlines, and repeating what you’ve learned from memory.

學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)，你應(yīng)該運(yùn)用積極的學(xué)習(xí)策略，如畫(huà)畫(huà)、寫(xiě)大綱、回憶所學(xué)的內(nèi)容。

(FYI: highlighting is not an active study strategy!)

(僅供參考：用記號(hào)筆可不是積極的學(xué)習(xí)策略!)

It is also a good idea to study in a variety of places and environments to stimulate more associations. For example, you could study once in a quiet library and again in a very different environment, like a park or your own room.

在不同的環(huán)境中學(xué)習(xí)也是一個(gè)創(chuàng)造更多聯(lián)系的好建議。例如，你可以在安靜的圖書(shū)館中學(xué)一次，然后在一個(gè)完全不同的環(huán)境中復(fù)習(xí)，比如在公園或者是自己的臥室。

Comparing As We Study

通過(guò)對(duì)比來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)

We understand new things by comparing them to things we already know.

我們理解新事物時(shí)通過(guò)與我們熟知的事物進(jìn)行對(duì)比。

To demonstrate this, try to describe a lime to someone who has never encountered one. Your depiction might go something like this:

要解釋這一點(diǎn)，類似于試著向一個(gè)從沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)青檸的人描述青檸。你的描述可能像這樣：

“It’s like a lemon, but it’s green. It tastes and smells like a mix between a lemon and a tomato vine.”

“它像檸檬，但是是綠色的。嘗起來(lái)、聞起來(lái)像檸檬與番茄混合的味道。”

That person would most likely be able to identify a lime easily, because he or she will be able to consult stored knowledge to conjure new information.

對(duì)方很可能可以輕易勾畫(huà)出青檸的形象，因?yàn)樗?她)可以調(diào)用自己的知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備形成新信息。

Any time you study new material, your brain consults stored knowledge to make sense of the new things you’re encountering. For example, if you live in the United States and you are required to learn about communism, you will most likely learn by comparing that system to a system you already know, like capitalism.

每次你學(xué)習(xí)新材料，大腦就會(huì)調(diào)用已有的知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備來(lái)理解你碰上的新事物。比如，你住在美國(guó)，被要求學(xué)共產(chǎn)主義，你會(huì)把這個(gè)系統(tǒng)和你已知的系統(tǒng)，如資本主義作對(duì)比。

When you study terms to prepare for a test, you should always select two terms at the same time and describe the differences between them.

當(dāng)你為了考試而學(xué)習(xí)術(shù)語(yǔ)，你應(yīng)該選同時(shí)選兩個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)，并描述這二者的區(qū)別。

Learning By Testing

通過(guò)測(cè)試來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)

Recent studies tell us that learning is enhanced through trial and error. When it comes to studying effectively, it turns out that testing is one of the best ways to prepare for testing!

最近的研究表明學(xué)習(xí)通過(guò)嘗試與犯錯(cuò)來(lái)以鞏固。要高效地學(xué)習(xí)，自我檢測(cè)是備考的最佳途徑!

There is good evidence that the very best way for you to learn is to take a series of practice tests. This means that the process of trying to answer questions, getting questions wrong, discovering why you were wrong, and correcting yourself—is the smartest study strategy of all.

一個(gè)有力的證明表示學(xué)習(xí)的最佳方法就是多次測(cè)驗(yàn)。這是一個(gè)試著答題、回答錯(cuò)誤、分析錯(cuò)誤、改正自我的過(guò)程，這是所有學(xué)習(xí)策略中最有效的。

Of course, if you want to do this right, you should have someone else prepare a few practice tests for you. This can be easy: just find a partner (or a group) and write questions for each other.

當(dāng)然，如果你要正確地利用這個(gè)策略，還需要?jiǎng)e人給你出題。這很簡(jiǎn)單：只要找一個(gè)學(xué)伴兒(或是學(xué)習(xí)小組)，幾個(gè)人互相出題。

In summary, the science says this: if you want to study harder and smarter, you should start early, find a study partner, get active, and test yourself.

總之，最科學(xué)的方法就是：如果你要事半功倍地學(xué)習(xí)，就要早開(kāi)始，找同伴，積極行動(dòng)，檢測(cè)自我。