二戰(zhàn)謎團(tuán)：是誰(shuí)除掉了“瑞典辛德勒”？

MOSCOW — The 1945 disappearance of Raoul Wallenberg — a Swedish diplomat who saved thousands of Hungarian Jews from Nazi gas chambers — ranks among the most enduring mysteries of World War II.

莫斯科——勞爾?瓦倫堡(Raoul Wallenberg)在1945年失蹤，這是持續(xù)最久的二戰(zhàn)未解之謎之一。瓦倫堡是一名瑞典外交官，曾經(jīng)從納粹毒氣室解救數(shù)以千計(jì)的匈牙利猶太人。

Suspicion for the snatching of Wallenberg off the streets near Budapest fell almost immediately on the Soviet Union. To the Soviets occupying Budapest, the ties that Wallenberg had forged with senior Nazis and Americans smelled like espionage, with rescuing Jews an implausible cover story. But his disappearance went unexplained, right through the Gorbachev era of glasnost and the chaos after the collapse of the Soviet Union.

外界幾乎立刻懷疑，瓦倫堡是從布達(dá)佩斯附近的街上被蘇聯(lián)抓走的。對(duì)于占領(lǐng)布達(dá)佩斯的蘇聯(lián)而言，瓦倫堡與納粹高層以及美國(guó)人之間的關(guān)系看起來(lái)像是諜報(bào)活動(dòng)，而對(duì)猶太人的解救則像個(gè)蹩腳的幌子。但是一直到蘇聯(lián)解體后的戈?duì)柊蛦谭?ldquo;公開(kāi)化”和混亂時(shí)期，瓦倫堡失蹤的謎底也不曾解開(kāi)。

This summer, however, the newly published diaries of the original head of the KGB — found secreted inside the wall of a dacha — have shed fresh light on the case by stating outright for the first time that Wallenberg was executed in a Moscow prison.

不過(guò)，今年夏天，新近出版的克格勃(KGB)第一任領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的日記——被發(fā)現(xiàn)藏匿于一棟別墅的一面墻內(nèi)——為這個(gè)案件提供了一些新的線索，日記中首次直接提到瓦倫堡是在莫斯科的一座監(jiān)獄里被處死的。

“I have no doubts that Wallenberg was liquidated in 1947,” wrote Ivan A. Serov, a Soviet military man who ran the KGB from 1954 to 1958.

“可以肯定，瓦倫堡在1947年被除掉，”伊萬(wàn)·A·謝羅夫(Ivan A. Serov)寫(xiě)道。他是一名蘇聯(lián)軍人，在1954至1958年間領(lǐng)導(dǎo)克格勃。

Tantalizing hints that Wallenberg, the scion of a rich, prominent family of Swedish industrialists, was imprisoned in Moscow emerged immediately, then dripped out at long intervals. Alexandra M. Kollontai, the domineering Soviet ambassador to Sweden, initially told Wallenberg’s mother that the diplomat was in custody, but backtracked after the Kremlin announced that it knew nothing of the case.

當(dāng)時(shí)就立刻傳出了一種容易讓人相信的暗示，即瓦倫堡被囚禁在莫斯科。然后每隔很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間之后，會(huì)再度傳出這樣的消息。盛氣凌人的蘇聯(lián)駐瑞典大使亞歷山大·M·利隆泰(Alexandra M. Kollontai)一開(kāi)始告訴瓦倫堡的母親他被關(guān)了起來(lái)，但在克里姆林宮宣布對(duì)這一案件一無(wú)所知之后，利隆泰又收回了之前的說(shuō)法。瓦倫堡出身于一個(gè)地位崇高而又富有的瑞典工業(yè)家家族。

In the 1950s, Moscow began releasing war prisoners, and some reported meeting a VIP inmate. Some called him mysterious; some knew his name. Sweden started asking pointed questions, and seeking to improve ties, the Kremlin released a report in 1957.

上世紀(jì)50年代，莫斯科開(kāi)始釋放戰(zhàn)犯，一些人稱(chēng)自己在獄中見(jiàn)過(guò)一名VIP囚犯。有人說(shuō)他很神秘;有人知道他的名字。瑞典開(kāi)始提出尖銳的問(wèn)題。為此，克林姆林宮在1957年發(fā)布了一份報(bào)告，以試圖改善關(guān)系。

It said a newly discovered, partial medical report indicated that Wallenberg, age 34, died of a heart attack in prison in July 1947 — a stock Soviet cover story.

報(bào)告稱(chēng)，一份最新發(fā)現(xiàn)的不完整的醫(yī)學(xué)報(bào)告顯示，瓦倫堡于1947年因心臟病在獄中去世，時(shí)年34歲。這算是典型的蘇聯(lián)托辭。

The next halting step toward resolution came with the 1991 collapse of the Soviet Union. The Kremlin agreed to cooperate with a comprehensive Russian-Swedish effort that included archival research and interviews with retired state security employees.

有可能解決這一案件的契機(jī)在1991年蘇聯(lián)解體之后磕磕絆絆地到來(lái)了。克里姆林宮同意配合俄瑞兩國(guó)共同進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)努力，包括對(duì)檔案進(jìn)行研究，并去采訪退休的俄羅斯國(guó)家安全工作者。

But the final report in 2000 reached no definitive conclusion about Wallenberg’s fate, and found that documents had been destroyed or altered to eliminate all traces of him.

然而，2000年發(fā)布的最終報(bào)告沒(méi)有就瓦倫堡的命運(yùn)得出確定性的結(jié)論，而且發(fā)現(xiàn)相關(guān)文件已被銷(xiāo)毀或修改，以消除任何與他有關(guān)的痕跡。

In time, Wallenberg’s rescue work became an lasting symbol of the international human rights movement, but the mystery of his fate seemed likely to endure forever — until the Serov diaries came to light.

隨著時(shí)間的推移，瓦倫堡的救援行動(dòng)成為了國(guó)際人權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)一個(gè)持久的象征，但有關(guān)他命運(yùn)的謎團(tuán)似乎永遠(yuǎn)無(wú)法解開(kāi)——直到謝羅夫的日記曝光。

Memoirs from high-ranking Kremlin officials are exceedingly rare, and this one, while hardly definitive, contains several references to previously unknown documents on Wallenberg.

克里姆林宮高官的回憶錄及其少見(jiàn)，這一本盡管談不上最權(quán)威，但它提到了好幾份之前不為人知的有關(guān)瓦倫堡的文件。

They include a report about Wallenberg’s cremation, and another quoting Viktor Abakumov, who preceded Serov as head of state security but was tried and executed in 1954 in the last Stalin purges. Abakumov apparently revealed during his interrogation that the order to “liquidate” Wallenberg had come from Stalin and Vyacheslav M. Molotov, the foreign minister.

其中包含一份瓦倫堡的火化報(bào)告。還有一份文件引用了維克托·阿巴庫(kù)莫夫(Viktor Abakumov)的話(huà)，后者在謝羅夫之前擔(dān)任俄羅斯國(guó)家安全機(jī)構(gòu)的負(fù)責(zé)人，但之后在處于斯大林清洗運(yùn)動(dòng)最后階段的1954年遭到審判，并被處死。在接受審問(wèn)期間，阿巴庫(kù)莫夫似乎透露了“除掉”瓦倫堡的命令來(lái)自斯大林和當(dāng)時(shí)的外交部長(zhǎng)維亞切斯拉夫·M·莫洛托夫(Vyacheslav M. Molotov)。

The word “killed” has never appeared in any official documents released from the Soviet side, according to Nikita Petrov, a historian with the Memorial organization in Moscow who specializes in the Stalinist era and Serov himself.

來(lái)自莫斯科“紀(jì)念”(Memorial)組織、專(zhuān)門(mén)研究斯大林時(shí)代和謝羅夫這個(gè)人的歷史學(xué)家尼基塔·彼得羅夫(Nikita Petrov)表示，“殺”這個(gè)字眼從來(lái)不曾出現(xiàn)在蘇聯(lián)發(fā)布的任何官方文件中。

“They did not use this word,” Petrov said. “They said it appears he was killed, but we know nothing about this, we don’t have any documents. In Serov’s diary, you can find this word as a fact.”

“他們不用這個(gè)詞，”彼得羅夫說(shuō)。“他們說(shuō)，他似乎被殺害了，但我們對(duì)此一無(wú)所知，我們也沒(méi)有什么文件。在謝羅夫的日記中，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)詞是一個(gè)事實(shí)。”

Memoirs lack the weight of official documents, Petrov noted, but Serov also described reading a Wallenberg file. Previously, the security service denied that any such files existed, according to diplomats, historians and others who have long worked on the case.

彼得羅夫指出，回憶錄缺乏官方文件的份量，但謝羅夫也描述了他讀到的一份有關(guān)瓦倫堡的文件。外交官、歷史學(xué)家和其他長(zhǎng)期為此案努力的人員表示，之前俄羅斯安全部門(mén)一直否認(rèn)存在這樣的文件。

“There should have been a personal or prisoner file which was created for every prisoner,” said Hans Magnusson, a retired senior diplomat who directed the Swedish side of the Swedish-Russian Working Group. “The Russians said that they did not find one.”

“每名囚徒都應(yīng)該有一份個(gè)人檔案或者囚犯檔案，”退休的高級(jí)外交官漢斯·馬格努松(Hans Magnusson)說(shuō)。他是瑞典-俄羅斯工作組的瑞方負(fù)責(zé)人。“俄羅斯人說(shuō)他們沒(méi)找到。”

The Serov book is called “Notes From a Suitcase: Secret Diaries of the First KGB Chairman, Found Over 25 Years After His Death,” and appeared in Russia in June with its own extraordinary tale.

謝羅夫的這本書(shū)名為《手提箱里的記錄：去世25年后，克格勃首任主席的秘密日記重見(jiàn)天日》(Notes From a Suitcase: Secret Diaries of the First KGB Chairman, Found Over 25 Years After His Death)，于今年6月出版。它本身就是一個(gè)非凡的故事。

Four years ago, Serov’s only grandchild, Vera Serova, 57, a retired ballet dancer, hired workers to renovate the garage at the dacha she inherited from her grandfather in northwestern Moscow. The workers demolishing the internal walls stumbled upon a few hidden suitcases.

四年前，謝羅夫唯一的直系孫輩薇拉·謝羅娃(Vera Serova)雇了工人翻新她從祖父那里繼承而來(lái)的位于莫斯科西北面的一棟別墅的車(chē)庫(kù)。她現(xiàn)年57歲，是退休的芭蕾舞演員。拆除內(nèi)墻的工人們意外發(fā)現(xiàn)了幾個(gè)隱藏的手提箱。

“They thought it was money or gold, but it was only papers,” she said in an interview, flashing a smile.

“他們以為裝的是錢(qián)或者金子，結(jié)果只有紙，”謝羅娃接受采訪的時(shí)候露出了笑容。

Petrov said the suitcases probably went into the wall around 1971, when the Central Committee first got wind of the writing project and had Serov followed.

彼得羅夫表示，這幾個(gè)手提箱很可能是在1971年前后藏到墻里的。當(dāng)時(shí)，中央委員會(huì)開(kāi)始聽(tīng)到這一寫(xiě)作計(jì)劃的風(fēng)聲，讓人跟蹤謝羅夫。

Serova turned over a copy of the diaries to a publisher, who condensed them into a single, 632-page volume. The book was released in conjunction with a small museum exhibition curated by the Russian Military-Historical Society.

謝羅娃將一份日記稿送到了出版社那里，由他們將其濃縮成一冊(cè)632頁(yè)的書(shū)。發(fā)行的同時(shí)，還有俄羅斯軍事-歷史學(xué)會(huì)(Russian Military-Historical Society)策劃的一個(gè)小型博物館展覽被推出。

In the half-dozen pages devoted to the Wallenberg case — somewhat sketchy and written in dry, bureaucratic language — Serov said Nikita S. Khrushchev, who succeeded Stalin as Soviet leader, had asked him to investigate what happened, respond to Sweden and help purge Molotov.

書(shū)中有六七頁(yè)專(zhuān)門(mén)講述了瓦倫堡案——有些簡(jiǎn)略，用詞干巴巴，打著官腔。謝羅夫表示，斯大林之后繼承蘇聯(lián)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人職位的尼基塔·S·赫魯曉夫(Nikita S. Khrushchev)請(qǐng)他調(diào)查此事、對(duì)瑞典做出回應(yīng)并協(xié)助清洗莫洛托夫。

Serov wrote that ultimately he failed to uncover the full circumstances of Wallenberg’s death, and found no evidence that he had been a spy.

謝羅夫?qū)懙溃罱K未能還原瓦倫堡之死的全貌，也沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)他生前是間諜的證據(jù)。

Foreign governments and researchers have long suspected that Moscow was withholding documents, unwilling to confirm that Stalin would coldbloodedly order the murder of a foreign diplomat rather than admit that the Kremlin had been lying.

外國(guó)政府與研究人員長(zhǎng)期懷疑，莫斯科對(duì)資料有所保留，不愿確認(rèn)斯大林會(huì)冷血地下令殺害一名外國(guó)外交官，也不肯承認(rèn)克里姆林宮一直在撒謊。

The most important document never released is a letter from Abakumov to Molotov on July 17, 1947, which researchers believe contains the details of Wallenberg’s death.

在從未公開(kāi)的資料中，最為重要的一份是阿巴庫(kù)莫夫于1947年7月17日寫(xiě)給莫洛托夫的一封信。研究人員認(rèn)定，里面包含了瓦倫堡之死的細(xì)節(jié)。

In the archival material that was released, researchers found a note scrawled in the bottom corner of another letter saying that “Ab,” or Abakumov, wrote a personal letter to Molotov and giving the document’s reference number.

在已公布的檔案資料中，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，另一封信底部的角落里有一句注釋?zhuān)渲斜硎?ldquo;阿巴”——即阿巴庫(kù)莫夫——給莫洛托夫?qū)懥艘环馑饺诵偶⒔o出了這份文件的參考編號(hào)。

Letter 3044/a was listed in a KGB register of outgoing letters, according to the Russian-Swedish report, showing that it was despatched on July 17 and indicating that it concerned Wallenberg.

根據(jù)俄羅斯-瑞典聯(lián)合撰寫(xiě)的報(bào)告，信件3044/a列在了克格勃的一個(gè)發(fā)出信件的登記簿上，顯示發(fā)送時(shí)間為7月17日，內(nèi)容與瓦倫堡有關(guān)。

A different memo said it had been received. But the actual letter has never been found.

另一份備忘錄稱(chēng)，這封信已收到。但信本身從未被找到。

Last year, historians with long experience on the case organized the Raoul Wallenberg Research Initiative, a renewed, international attempt to comb the archives, and they have compiled a 33-page list of questions for the Russian government.

去年，在本案上有長(zhǎng)期經(jīng)驗(yàn)的一些歷史學(xué)者組織了勞爾?瓦倫堡研究倡導(dǎo)計(jì)劃(Raoul Wallenberg Research Initiative)。這是一項(xiàng)新的國(guó)際努力，旨在梳理各種檔案。他們還準(zhǔn)備了一份面向俄羅斯政府的問(wèn)題單子，長(zhǎng)達(dá)33頁(yè)。

The media office of the FSB did not immediately respond to questions about whether it would release the documents Serov mentioned or cooperate with renewed research.

當(dāng)被問(wèn)到，是否會(huì)公布謝羅夫提到的文件或與新的研究計(jì)劃進(jìn)行合作時(shí)，俄羅斯聯(lián)邦安全局(FSB)的媒體辦公室沒(méi)有立即予以回應(yīng)。