這個(gè)氣候變化的惡果會(huì)讓你夜不能寐
人類排放溫室氣體導(dǎo)致的全球變暖，正在對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)世界產(chǎn)生明顯的影響：熱浪更多、暴雨更大、海平面更高，而這些只是眾多變化中的少數(shù)幾例。
In recent years, though, social scientists have been wrestling with a murkier question: What will climate change mean for human welfare?
但近年來，社會(huì)科學(xué)家一直在努力解答一個(gè)更復(fù)雜的問題：氣候變化對(duì)人類的健康意味著什么?
Forecasts in this realm are tricky, necessarily based on a long chain of assumptions. Scientific papers have predicted effects as varied as a greater spread of tropical diseases, fewer deaths from cold weather and more from hot weather, and even bumpier rides on airplanes.
這個(gè)領(lǐng)域的預(yù)測(cè)很難，必須建立在一長串假設(shè)的基礎(chǔ)上。科學(xué)論文預(yù)言的相關(guān)影響多種多樣，包括熱帶病更廣泛的傳播、寒冷天氣導(dǎo)致的死亡減少、炎熱天氣導(dǎo)致的死亡增加，乃至飛行旅途變得更加顛簸。
Now comes another entry in this literature: a prediction that in a hotter world, people will get less sleep.
現(xiàn)在，這類文獻(xiàn)中又多了一條：預(yù)測(cè)氣候變暖后，人類的睡眠會(huì)減少。
In a paper published online Friday by the journal Science Advances, Nick Obradovich and colleagues predicted more restless nights, especially in the summer, as global temperatures rise. They found that the poor, who are less likely to have air-conditioning or be able to run it, as well as the elderly, who have more difficulty regulating their body temperature, would be hit hard.
在期刊《科學(xué)前沿》(Science Advances)周五發(fā)表在網(wǎng)上的一篇論文中，尼克·奧布拉多維奇(Nick Obradovich)和同事預(yù)測(cè)，隨著全球氣溫升高，煩躁不安的夜晚會(huì)增加，尤其是夏季。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，擁有或有錢使用空調(diào)的可能性較小的窮人，以及更難調(diào)節(jié)自身體溫的老人，也許會(huì)受到嚴(yán)重影響。
If global emissions are allowed to continue at a high level, the paper found, then additional nights of sleeplessness can be expected beyond what people normally experience. By 2050, for every 100 Americans, an extra six nights of sleeplessness can be expected every month, the researchers calculated. By 2099, that would more than double, to 14 additional nights of tossing and turning each month for every 100 people, in their estimation.
這篇論文發(fā)現(xiàn)，如果允許全球排放繼續(xù)保持在高位，預(yù)計(jì)不眠之夜的增加會(huì)超出人們正常的經(jīng)歷。根據(jù)研究人員的計(jì)算，到2050年，每100名美國人一個(gè)月預(yù)計(jì)會(huì)增加六個(gè)不眠之夜。據(jù)他們估計(jì)，到2099年，這個(gè)數(shù)字會(huì)翻倍還不止，每100人一個(gè)月輾轉(zhuǎn)難眠的夜晚會(huì)增加到14個(gè)。
Researchers have long known that being too hot or too cold at night can disturb anyone’s sleep, but nobody had thought to ask how that might affect people in a world grown hotter because of climate change.
研究人員早就知道晚上太熱或太冷都可能影響一個(gè)人的睡眠，但沒人想到要去問，氣候變化帶來的全球變暖可能會(huì)給人類在這方面帶來什么影響。
Dr. Obradovich is a political scientist who researches both the politics of climate change and its likely human impacts, holding appointments at Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He started the research while completing a doctoral degree at the University of California, San Diego.
奧布拉多維奇博士是一名政治學(xué)者，研究的領(lǐng)域是氣候變化政治及其可能會(huì)對(duì)人類造成的影響?，F(xiàn)供職于哈佛和麻省理工(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)的他，是在加州大學(xué)圣迭戈分校(University of California, San Diego)攻讀博士學(xué)位期間開始相關(guān)研究的。
He got the idea for the study while enduring a 2015 heat wave in an apartment in San Diego with no air-conditioner in the bedroom.
2015年，在圣迭戈一套臥室沒有安裝空調(diào)的公寓里，奧布拉多維奇在熱浪的煎熬中想到了這個(gè)研究思路。
”I wasn’t sleeping,” he recalled. “My friends weren’t sleeping. My colleagues weren’t sleeping. The levels of grumpiness were higher than normal.”
“我睡不著，”他回憶說。“我的朋友睡不著，同事也睡不著。脾氣暴躁的程度高出了正常水平。”
To calculate the effect of warmer temperatures in the future, he turned to data collected by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, which asks people in a survey to recall their sleep patterns in the previous month. Sure enough, he found a correlation between higher temperatures in particular cities and disturbed sleep as reported by their residents. To make forecasts, he drew on computer estimates of how hot particular places will get if greenhouse emissions continue at a high level.
為了計(jì)算未來氣溫升高的影響，他求助于美國疾病控制與預(yù)防中心(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)收集的數(shù)據(jù)。該中心在一項(xiàng)調(diào)查中讓人們回憶前一個(gè)月的睡眠情況。果然，他在某些城市發(fā)現(xiàn)了氣溫升高和民眾反映的睡眠受到干擾之間的關(guān)聯(lián)。為了進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)，他利用了計(jì)算機(jī)來演算溫室氣體排放繼續(xù)保持在高位的情況下，某些地方會(huì)變得多熱。
Dr. Obradovich acknowledged that a survey about sleep over the previous month was subject to the vagaries of memory. More definitive research would involve putting lots of people in a sleep laboratory and manipulating the temperature to see what happened. “Those ideal data don’t exist and would be prohibitively expensive to collect,” he said.
奧布拉多維奇承認(rèn)，對(duì)前一個(gè)月的睡眠情況進(jìn)行的調(diào)查會(huì)受記憶力變化的影響。更權(quán)威的研究需要把很多人放在一個(gè)睡眠實(shí)驗(yàn)室里并控制溫度，以便觀察發(fā)生的情況。“這些理想數(shù)據(jù)根本不存在，它們的收集費(fèi)用高得嚇人，”他說。
A bigger weakness in the study, perhaps, is that it is impossible to know what human society will look like 100 years from now. How many people will be without air-conditioning in that world?
這項(xiàng)研究更大的缺陷或許在于，我們不可能知道100年后的人類社會(huì)是什么樣子。在那個(gè)世界里，沒有空調(diào)的人會(huì)有多少?
Jerome M. Siegel, head of a sleep laboratory at the University of California, Los Angeles, who was not involved in the study, said the assumptions and data limitations gave him pause.
沒有參加這項(xiàng)研究的加州大學(xué)洛杉磯分校(University of California, Los Angeles)睡眠實(shí)驗(yàn)室主任杰羅姆·M·西格爾(Jerome M. Siegel)說，相關(guān)假設(shè)和數(shù)據(jù)上的局限性讓他陷入了思考。
“It’s sort of a nice exercise — yes, this is something that might affect people,” Dr. Siegel said. “But this would be way down on my list of things to worry about with climate change, even though I’m a sleep researcher.”
“在一定程度上是一種很好的練習(xí)，確實(shí)，這可能會(huì)影響人類，”西格爾說。“但在我因?yàn)闅夂蜃兓鴵?dān)心的事情目錄上，它可能排在后面，盡管我自己是研究睡眠的。”
