"tea""cha"都來(lái)自中國(guó) 茶的叫法如何“全球化”？

With a few minor exceptions, there are really only two ways to say “tea” in the world. One is like the English term—té in Spanish and tee in Afrikaans are two examples. The other is some variation of cha, like chay in Hindi.

除了少數(shù)微不足道的例外，全世界的茶實(shí)際上只有兩種說(shuō)法。一種與英語(yǔ)說(shuō)法tea類(lèi)似，比如西班牙語(yǔ)中的té和阿非利卡語(yǔ)(南非的公用荷蘭語(yǔ))中的tee。另一種是cha的某種變化形式，例如印地語(yǔ)中的chay。

Both versions come from China. How they spread around the world offers a clear picture of how globalization worked before “globalization” was a term anybody used. The words that sound like “cha” spread across land, along the Silk Road. The “tea”-like phrasings spread over water, by Dutch traders bringing the novel leaves back to Europe.

這兩種說(shuō)法都來(lái)自中國(guó)。看看它們是如何在全世界傳播的，可以讓人們清楚地了解在成為一個(gè)廣泛使用的詞語(yǔ)前，“全球化”是如何運(yùn)作的。讀音與“cha”類(lèi)似的詞語(yǔ)是沿著絲綢之路通過(guò)陸上傳播的。與“tea”類(lèi)似的詞語(yǔ)則是由荷蘭商人通過(guò)海上傳播的，這些商人將這種新奇的葉子帶回歐洲。

The term cha (茶) is “Sinitic,” meaning it is common to many varieties of Chinese. It began in China and made its way through central Asia, eventually becoming “chay” (???) in Persian. That is no doubt due to the trade routes of the Silk Road, along which, according to a recent discovery, tea was traded over 2,000 years ago. This form spread beyond Persia, becoming chay in Urdu, shay in Arabic, and chay in Russian, among others. It even it made its way to sub-Saharan Africa, where it became chai in Swahili. The Japanese and Korean terms for tea are also based on the Chinese cha, though those languages likely adopted the word even before its westward spread into Persian.

Cha是中國(guó)文化的說(shuō)法，它是很多漢語(yǔ)方言所共同使用的。它來(lái)自中國(guó)，穿越中亞，最終在波斯語(yǔ)中變?yōu)?ldquo;chay”。這無(wú)疑是因?yàn)榻z綢之路貿(mào)易線路。根據(jù)最近的一項(xiàng)發(fā)現(xiàn)，兩千多年前人們沿這條線路交易茶葉。這個(gè)說(shuō)法的傳播范圍超過(guò)了波斯，在烏爾都語(yǔ)中成為chay，在阿拉伯語(yǔ)中成為shay，在俄語(yǔ)中成為chay。它甚至傳到了撒哈拉以南的非洲，在斯瓦希利語(yǔ)中成為chai。日語(yǔ)和韓語(yǔ)中茶的說(shuō)法也以cha為基礎(chǔ)，但這些語(yǔ)言很可能在這種說(shuō)法向西傳到波斯前就采用它了。

But that doesn’t account for “tea.” The Chinese character for tea, 茶, is pronounced differently by different varieties of Chinese, though it is written the same in them all. In today’s Mandarin, it is chá. But in the Min Nan variety of Chinese, spoken in the coastal province of Fujian, the character is pronounced te. The key word here is “coastal.”

但這沒(méi)有為“tea”提供解釋。茶這個(gè)字在中國(guó)不同方言中寫(xiě)法一樣，但讀音不同。在今天的普通話中，它讀作chá。但在沿海省份福建所使用的閩南語(yǔ)中，這個(gè)字讀作te。這里的關(guān)鍵詞是“沿海”。

The te form used in coastal-Chinese languages spread to Europe via the Dutch, who became the primary traders of tea between Europe and Asia in the 17th century. The main Dutch ports in east Asia were in Fujian and Taiwan, both places where people used the te pronunciation. The Dutch East India Company’s expansive tea importation into Europe gave us the French thé, the German Tee, and the English tea.

在中國(guó)沿海地區(qū)方言中使用的te的說(shuō)法經(jīng)由荷蘭人傳到了歐洲，荷蘭人在17世紀(jì)成為了歐洲和亞洲之間主要的茶商。荷蘭人在東亞主要使用的港口位于福建和臺(tái)灣，這兩個(gè)地方的人都使用te的讀音。荷蘭東印度公司向歐洲大規(guī)模進(jìn)口茶葉，這讓人們有了法語(yǔ)中的thé，德語(yǔ)中的Tee和英語(yǔ)中的tea。

Yet the Dutch were not the first to Asia. That honor belongs to the Portuguese. And the Portuguese traded not through Fujian but Macao, where chá is used. That’s why Portugal is a pink dot in a sea of blue.

但最先到亞洲的并不是荷蘭人，而是葡萄牙人。葡萄牙人進(jìn)行貿(mào)易并不是通過(guò)福建，而是通過(guò)澳門(mén)，澳門(mén)使用的是chá這個(gè)說(shuō)法。這就是為什么葡萄牙在歐洲是一個(gè)例外。

A few languages have their own way of talking about tea. These languages are generally in places where tea grows naturally, which led locals to develop their own way to refer to it. In Burmese, for example, tea leaves are lakphak.

在談到茶的時(shí)候，少數(shù)語(yǔ)言有自己的說(shuō)法。這些語(yǔ)言通常是在茶葉自然生長(zhǎng)的地方，這令當(dāng)?shù)厝诵纬闪怂麄冏约旱年P(guān)于茶的說(shuō)法。例如，在緬甸語(yǔ)中，茶葉是lakphak。