為什么有些國家在對(duì)待疫苗態(tài)度上出現(xiàn)逆轉(zhuǎn)？

More than a century before Facebook, anti-vaccination campaigners had another method for spreading their message -- an eye-catching march through town with tiny children's coffins emblazoned with the words: "Another victim of vaccination."
早在臉書出現(xiàn)一個(gè)多世紀(jì)之前，反疫苗運(yùn)動(dòng)人士就有了傳播他們信息的另一種方式——小鎮(zhèn)里一場引人注目的游行，孩子們的棺材上刻著“又一個(gè)接種疫苗的受害者”。
The year was 1885, and smallpox vaccinations were compulsory in the UK -- reportedly inciting 100,000 people to demonstrate in the city of Leicester, England, one sunny March day.
那是1885年，在英國，天花疫苗是強(qiáng)制性的——據(jù)報(bào)道，在3月的一個(gè)陽光明媚的日子里，英國萊斯特市有10萬人參加了游行示威。 "Vaccination is one of the most cost-effective ways of avoiding disease -- it currently prevents 2-3 million deaths a year, and a further 1.5 million could be avoided if global coverage of vaccinations improved," WHO said.
世衛(wèi)組織說:“疫苗接種是最具成本效益的避免疾病的方法之一，目前每年可預(yù)防200萬至300萬人死亡，如果全球疫苗接種覆蓋率提高，還可避免150萬人死亡。”
Italy's vaccination U-turn
意大利對(duì)疫苗態(tài)度的逆轉(zhuǎn)
Last August, Italy's populist government shocked the scientific and medical community after it removed mandatory vaccination for schoolchildren.
去年8月，意大利民粹主義政府取消了針對(duì)學(xué)童的強(qiáng)制性疫苗接種，震驚了科學(xué)界和醫(yī)學(xué)界。
The ANSA news agency reported that League leader and Interior Minister Matteo Salvini said in June 2018 the 10 obligatory vaccinations -- which include measles, tetanus and polio -- were "useless , if not harmful."
據(jù)意大利安莎通訊社報(bào)道，聯(lián)盟領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人兼內(nèi)政部長馬泰奧·薩爾維尼在2018年6月表示，包括麻疹、破傷風(fēng)和小兒麻痹癥在內(nèi)的10種強(qiáng)制性疫苗“就算沒有害處，但也毫無用處。”
The law was first introduced by the Democratic Party a month earlier, amid an ongoing outbreak of measles that saw 5,004 cases reported in 2017 -- the second-highest figure in Europe after Romania -- according to the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control.
根據(jù)歐洲疾病預(yù)防和控制中心的數(shù)據(jù)，這項(xiàng)法律是民主黨在一個(gè)月前首次推出的，當(dāng)時(shí)正值疫情爆發(fā)，2017年報(bào)告了5004例病例-這是僅次于羅馬尼亞的歐洲第二高數(shù)字。
Italy accounted for 34% of all measles cases reported by countries in the European Economic Area, the center said.
該中心說，在歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)國家報(bào)告的所有麻疹病例中，意大利占34%。
Debunked 'science'
揭穿“科學(xué)”
Experts believe that the most modern anti-vaccination movement was reinvigorated by a paper published in 1998 in the respected Lancet journal by former British doctor and researcher Andrew Wakefield. It suggested a connection between the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine and the development of autism in young children.
專家們認(rèn)為，最現(xiàn)代的反疫苗運(yùn)動(dòng)是由前英國醫(yī)生兼研究員安德魯·韋克菲爾德于1998年在著名的《柳葉刀》雜志上發(fā)表的一篇論文所引發(fā)的。它表明麻疹、腮腺炎和風(fēng)疹疫苗與兒童自閉癥的發(fā)展之間存在聯(lián)系。
The claims have since been debunked, and the Lancet retracted the article 12 years later -- its editor called it "utterly false." But the repercussions had already rocked previously vaccine-wary communities on both sides of the Atlantic.
這些說法后來被揭穿，12年后，《柳葉刀》撤回了這篇文章，其編輯稱其“完全錯(cuò)誤”。但其影響力已經(jīng)撼動(dòng)了大西洋兩岸此前對(duì)疫苗持謹(jǐn)慎態(tài)度的社區(qū)。 The amplification of a message
信息的放大
The rise -- and diversification -- of social media platforms has catapulted anti-vaccination rhetoric into the mainstream.
社交媒體平臺(tái)的興起和多樣化，使反疫苗言論迅速成為主流。
David R. Curry, executive director of the Center for Vaccine Ethics and Policy, told CNN that vaccine hesitancy, or anti-vaccine initiatives, have been increasingly able to use no cost and highly effective social media platforms to spread their message.
疫苗倫理與政策中心執(zhí)行主任大衛(wèi)·R·庫里告訴CNN，對(duì)待疫苗的猶豫不決，或反疫苗舉動(dòng)，已經(jīng)越來越能夠利用免費(fèi)和高效的社交媒體平臺(tái)來傳播他們的信息。
"The challenges we see is that we do not have an effective properly resourced set of counter measures to address that threat and we see that as a major problem," he added.
他說:“我們面臨的挑戰(zhàn)是，我們沒有一套有效的、資源充足的應(yīng)對(duì)措施來應(yīng)對(duì)這一威脅，我們認(rèn)為這是一個(gè)重大問題。”
Now, critics are calling on tech companies such as Facebook, YouTube and Google to take more responsibility of the public health disruptions occurring on their platforms, arguing that social media can't willfully ignore taking meaningful responsibility for the content on their sites.
現(xiàn)在，批評(píng)人士呼吁臉書、YouTube和谷歌等科技公司對(duì)其平臺(tái)上發(fā)生的破壞公共健康的問題承擔(dān)更多責(zé)任，他們認(rèn)為，社交媒體不能故意忽視對(duì)其網(wǎng)站內(nèi)容承擔(dān)有意義的責(zé)任。