你真的需要注射流感疫苗嗎?下面是如何決定的

你真的需要注射流感疫苗嗎?下面是如何決定的

Thanksgiving leftovers are a distant memory, and December's extra travel, shopping and family commitments are already straining nerves, budgets and immune systems. It's officially "the holidays" — which also means we're well into a new flu season.

感恩節(jié)的剩飯剩菜已經(jīng)成為遙遠(yuǎn)的記憶，12月額外的旅行、購物和家庭負(fù)擔(dān)已經(jīng)讓人神經(jīng)緊張、預(yù)算緊張和免疫系統(tǒng)緊張。這是官方的“節(jié)日”——這也意味著我們進入了一個新的流感季節(jié)。

It's never too late to benefit from a flu shot, even into December and January, says Dr. William Schaffner, an infectious disease specialist at Vanderbilt School of Medicine in Nashville.

納什維范德比爾特醫(yī)學(xué)院的傳染病專家威廉·沙夫納博士說，接種流感疫苗永遠(yuǎn)不會太遲，即使是在12月和1月。

"Giving influenza vaccine to people with heart disease, for example, is as important as giving them a statin," Schaffner says, yet many people living with chronic illness — and even many of their health care providers — don't realize how vital flu vaccination is to managing their condition.

沙夫納說:“例如，給患有心臟病的人注射流感疫苗和給他們服用他汀類藥物一樣重要。”然而，許多患有慢性疾病的人，甚至他們的許多醫(yī)療服務(wù)提供者，都沒有意識到流感疫苗對控制他們的病情有多么重要。

The vaccine's ability to prevent flu cases last year hovered around 44 percent overall; it was about 59 percent effective for young children and just 16 percent in adults over 65.

去年，該疫苗預(yù)防流感病例的能力總體上徘徊在44%左右;它對兒童的有效性約為59%，對65歲以上的成年人僅為16%。

"Effectiveness" only refers to the ability of the vaccine to prevent illness, and the vaccine does so much more than that," says Dr. LJ Tan, chief strategy officer for the nonprofit Immunization Action Coalition, based in St. Paul, Minn.

位于明尼蘇達(dá)州圣保羅的非營利組織免疫行動聯(lián)盟的首席戰(zhàn)略官LJ 譚博士說，“有效性”只是指疫苗預(yù)防疾病的能力，而疫苗的作用遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不止于此。

Extra benefits from the flu shot for certain groups

對某些群體來說，注射流感疫苗還有額外的好處

In older adults, the flu shot prevents the loss of quality of life that can result from influenza complications, Tan says. That protection is also important for people with chronic conditions beyond heart disease, such as diabetes, asthma and lung or liver disease. Doctors say flu shots are also indicated for patients with suppressed immune systems, and most people who have an autoimmune condition.

譚說，在老年人中，注射流感疫苗可以防止流感并發(fā)癥導(dǎo)致的生活質(zhì)量下降。這種保護對患有心臟病以外的慢性疾病(如糖尿病、哮喘、肺病或肝病)的人也很重要。醫(yī)生說，流感疫苗也適用于免疫系統(tǒng)受到抑制的病人，以及大多數(shù)有自身免疫性疾病的人。

What to expect this year

今年會發(fā)生什么呢

Flu cases don't typically peak until well after the start of the new year, but infections often begin picking up in December. Some states, including Texas and North Carolina, are already reporting the first influenza deaths of the season, including those of at least 10 children. Most children each year who die from the flu had not been vaccinated, and many were healthy until their infection.

流感病例通常要到新年后很久才會達(dá)到高峰，但感染通常在12月開始增加。包括德克薩斯州和北卡羅來納州在內(nèi)的一些州已經(jīng)報告了本季度的首批流感死亡病例，其中包括至少10名兒童。每年死于流感的大多數(shù)兒童都沒有接種疫苗，許多兒童在感染之前是健康的。

Flu shot options

流感疫苗的選擇

As in past years, people have multiple options for flu vaccines this year. All the standard flu shots for 2019-2020 are quadrivalent — containing all four strains —according to the CDC. The only seasonal flu shots with trivalent (three-strain) options this year are the two recommended for people age 65 and older — a high-dose versionand the one with an "adjuvant," an extra ingredient that boosts the body's immune response to the vaccine.

和往年一樣，今年人們有多種流感疫苗的選擇。美國疾病控制與預(yù)防中心表示，2019-2020年的所有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)流感疫苗都是四價疫苗，包含所有四種菌株。今年唯一的三價(三株)季節(jié)性流感疫苗是兩種推薦給65歲及以上人群的高劑量疫苗和一種含有“佐劑”的疫苗。“佐劑”是一種額外的成分，可以增強人體對疫苗的免疫反應(yīng)。

Why myths about flu and flu shots persist

為什么關(guān)于流感和流感疫苗的神話一直存在

Too often, doctors say, people shy away from the shot because of some falsehoods or misconception they've heard about the flu vaccine.

醫(yī)生們說，人們常常因為聽到有關(guān)流感疫苗的一些謊言或誤解而不愿接種疫苗。

1. The flu shot can't give you the flu.

注射流感疫苗不會讓你得流感。

2. Deaths from influenza range from a few thousand to tens of thousands every U.S. flu season.

在美國，每個流感季節(jié)死于流感的人數(shù)從幾千到幾萬不等。

3. Flu shot ingredients do not pose a risk to most people.

注射流感疫苗的成分對大多數(shù)人沒有風(fēng)險。

4.Pregnant women are particularly advised to get the flu shot.

特別建議孕婦接種流感疫苗

5. Revenue from vaccines comprise a tiny proportion of pharma profits, and make it possible

來自疫苗的收入只占制藥公司利潤的很小一部分，這使得疫苗成為可能