朱曉燕
【摘要】牛津英語(yǔ)進(jìn)入8B后面臨著閱讀文本篇幅變長(zhǎng),詞匯增多,如何培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的閱讀能力和提升學(xué)生運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的能力?本文分析了8BUnit4 Reading課堂提問(wèn)設(shè)計(jì)四個(gè)境界和反思。恰如“舌尖上”的四道菜,各具特色。
【關(guān)鍵詞】英語(yǔ)閱讀 課堂設(shè)問(wèn) 興趣 想象 提升
老子在《道德經(jīng)》中說(shuō)道:“治大國(guó),若烹小鮮?!敝未髧?guó)如此,組織英語(yǔ)閱讀課教學(xué)亦如此。設(shè)問(wèn)是英語(yǔ)閱讀課堂中運(yùn)用最廣泛、普遍的教學(xué)方法之一。江蘇版牛津英語(yǔ)8B Unit 4 Gulliver in Lilliput是《格列佛游記》的節(jié)選,故事荒誕離奇,學(xué)生不太容易進(jìn)入角色,這就需要教師根據(jù)教學(xué)內(nèi)容巧妙設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題,幫助學(xué)生喚起閱讀欲望,了解故事情節(jié),展開(kāi)想象翅膀,升華文本內(nèi)容。筆者認(rèn)為,這種設(shè)計(jì)猶如“舌尖上”的四道菜。
開(kāi)胃小碟——喚起閱讀欲望
開(kāi)胃小碟,正餐的前奏,簡(jiǎn)單易操作,它既不會(huì)讓食客有飽足感,又能引動(dòng)食欲。語(yǔ)言學(xué)家Eddio Williams說(shuō)過(guò)(1984),As a rule,while-reading work should begin with a general or global understanding of the text,and then move to smaller units such as paragraphs,sentences and words.
筆者在Gulliver in Lilliput的背景知識(shí)介紹完后,馬上呈現(xiàn)以下個(gè)問(wèn)題T:How many paragraphs are there in the extract(節(jié)選)?
T:There are two parts,which is Part1/Part2?
T:What is the main idea of Part1/Part2 ?
學(xué)生學(xué)生通過(guò)三個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單問(wèn)題,采用泛讀或略讀(extensive reading)的方式,快速默讀融入到文本中,對(duì)文本的內(nèi)容、結(jié)構(gòu)形成整體印象。培養(yǎng)學(xué)生快速瀏覽的能力同時(shí)了解了文本的結(jié)構(gòu)脈絡(luò),大大提高閱讀的效率:
S1:Part1—Para 1 –Para2—before seeing the tiny men
S2:Part2—Para 3–Para5—after seeing the tiny men
隨后筆者馬上提問(wèn):What happened to Gulliver?學(xué)生對(duì)故事做進(jìn)一步預(yù)測(cè)從而激發(fā)學(xué)生閱讀動(dòng)機(jī)和閱讀欲望,他們急于想了解故事的情節(jié),閱讀的過(guò)程成為一種積極主動(dòng)的學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程。
清炒白菜——了解故事情節(jié)
白菜洗凈,均勻切片,熱油鍋,爆姜,倒入白菜,用鏟刀不斷翻炒,待白菜軟嫩,加鹽少許,裝盤。這就是最家常的清炒白菜的做法。
家常的Reading課型提問(wèn)方法如同烹制清炒白菜,教師不停地提出問(wèn)題,就像鏟子不停地在油鍋中翻炒,學(xué)生不停地思考,文本的內(nèi)容就像在鏟子下,油鍋中不斷翻身的白菜。翻炒到一定的程度,原本的生脆變成軟嫩,原本的生疏變成熟練。如:學(xué)生在對(duì)What happened to Gulliver?做出各種預(yù)測(cè)后,筆者就通過(guò)一系列問(wèn)題來(lái)和學(xué)生一起解讀文本,了解故事情節(jié):
1.What happened to Gullivers ship?
2.What did Gulliver do?
3.What did he find when he woke up?
4.How big was the tiny person?
5.What did the tiny men do after they heard the loud noise?
6.What did Gulliver do in order to run away?
師問(wèn)生答不斷,課堂上也不乏熱火朝天的場(chǎng)面。學(xué)生對(duì)文本內(nèi)容有了進(jìn)一步了解。但假設(shè)天天這樣機(jī)械地一問(wèn)一答,老師像發(fā)球機(jī)一樣朝學(xué)生不停地發(fā)射問(wèn)題:What did Gulliver do? Why did Gilliver do that? How did Gulliver feel?……諸如此類,明日復(fù)明日地周而復(fù)始,就如學(xué)生天天在飯桌上看見(jiàn)同樣的一道“清炒白菜”,時(shí)間長(zhǎng)了,心中必然會(huì)想:“又是這道菜,真沒(méi)勁,哎,真不想吃了!”學(xué)生自然也會(huì)覺(jué)得機(jī)械,會(huì)產(chǎn)生倦怠心理。
英國(guó)著名教學(xué)法專家韋斯特(Michael West)認(rèn)為:“教授英語(yǔ)的基本任務(wù),首先是培養(yǎng)直接的閱讀能力”。因而目前英語(yǔ)閱讀課的根本任務(wù)不僅是完成閱讀教學(xué)中語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的傳授,更重要的是教師能夠借助閱讀文本,幫助學(xué)生深化文本內(nèi)涵。所以現(xiàn)代教育理念對(duì)老師提出了更高的要求,不僅要解放學(xué)生頭腦,還要使他們脫離原來(lái)的被灌輸?shù)臓顟B(tài),所以,我們必然要去設(shè)計(jì)更有趣,更能激發(fā)學(xué)生主動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí)、思考的興趣的問(wèn)題來(lái)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生進(jìn)一步解讀文本。
蒸三鮮——展開(kāi)想象翅膀
“蒸三鮮”,又名“全家?!?,是酒宴上一道頗受歡迎的菜。做法如下。白菜洗凈切片,焯水瀝干,置于大碗底部,其上鋪以咸肉片、鮮蝦、爆魚(yú)、蛋餃、香菇等,隔水蒸煮。此菜色彩斑斕、內(nèi)容豐富、咸鮮適口?;A(chǔ)教育階段英語(yǔ)課程的任務(wù)除了激發(fā)和培養(yǎng)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的興趣,使學(xué)生樹(shù)立自信心,更要培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的觀察、記憶、思維、想象能力和創(chuàng)新精神;而這道蒸三鮮的做法,主料還是白菜,再給它加輔料并精心設(shè)計(jì)。例如,在教授8B Unit 4 Gulliver in Lilliput Para3過(guò)渡到Para4時(shí),清炒白菜直接提問(wèn)What did more small men start doing?過(guò)渡,這樣課堂顯得呆板;而做蒸三鮮時(shí)就大不一樣了,筆者設(shè)計(jì)了以下問(wèn)題:
T:When the small man stood near Gullivers face,what did he think of his face?
T:What did Gullivers face look like?
初二的學(xué)生就有了濃厚的興趣,他們展開(kāi)想象,呈現(xiàn)多種答案:
S1:His face looked like a pie and the tiny man wanted to eat it.
S2:His face looked like a pumpkin.
S3:His face looked like a huge mountain.
當(dāng)他們沉浸在想象中時(shí),學(xué)生的思維又被引導(dǎo)到以下問(wèn)題中:
T;How did the tiny man feel after he saw such a huge face?
T;What would the tiny man do?
S1:The tiny man felt strange,afraid and nervous and he would ask more small men to come. 就自然而然地過(guò)渡到了Para4的文本中。
再如在Para4中:Gullivers loud noise made the tiny men all fall over,what did Gulliver sound like when he shouted? 學(xué)生呈現(xiàn)了以下答案:
S1:The noise sounded like a tiger.
S2:The noise sounded like a thunder.
S3:The noise sounded like an earthquake.
然后接著提問(wèn)T:However,the tiny men didnt give up. They continued moving across Gullivers body,so what do you think of the tiny men? 學(xué)生回答如下:
S1:They are patient.
S2:They are brave enough to overcome difficulties. We must learn from them.
學(xué)生沉浸在故事文本和豐富想象的魅力中,通過(guò)增加一些文本以外的問(wèn)題,使學(xué)生感到新鮮有趣,容易激發(fā)其主動(dòng)思考的熱情和想象力,課堂自然精彩紛呈。
開(kāi)水白菜——提升文本內(nèi)容
“開(kāi)水白菜”的典故源于周恩來(lái)總理的一次宴請(qǐng),當(dāng)一位日本女貴賓看到一道清水白菜時(shí),遲遲不愿動(dòng)筷。在周總理幾次三番的盛邀之下,女賓客才勉強(qiáng)用小勺舀了些湯,誰(shuí)知一嘗之下立即目瞪口呆,狼吞虎咽之余不忘詢問(wèn)總理:為何白水煮白菜竟然可以這般美味呢?“開(kāi)水白菜”的秘訣在于這看似白開(kāi)水的清湯,是將老母雞、老母鴨、火腿、干貝等放入湯鍋內(nèi),加入足量清水、姜、蔥,燒開(kāi)后加料酒,慢慢地熬制這樣的清湯,長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的熬制將種種滋味融于一體,最后以“白開(kāi)水”的姿態(tài)呈現(xiàn)。一堂本真的英語(yǔ)閱讀課不正是如此嗎?學(xué)生通過(guò)文本解讀和大量語(yǔ)言輸入,融會(huì)貫通,取其精華,內(nèi)化和提升學(xué)生了語(yǔ)言技能和語(yǔ)用能力,同時(shí)又加強(qiáng)了學(xué)生的情感教育和人文素養(yǎng)的提升。
筆者在文本處理完后,而是設(shè)計(jì)了這么一個(gè)問(wèn)題:Did Gulliver run away at last? Why or why not? 通過(guò)一個(gè)問(wèn)題,學(xué)生在探究中再次走入Gulliver in Lilliput,整合文本內(nèi)容,呈現(xiàn)精彩答案:
S1:Yes. Because his left arm was free and he could break the rope.
S2:Yes. Because the tiny men are so friendly to him that he made friends with him. Finally,the tiny men helped him run away.
S3:No. Because there were a huge army of tiny men and Gulliver couldnt fight with them.
S4:No. Because he was tired out although he was strong enough. Moreover,he was hungry.
這樣的提問(wèn)看似簡(jiǎn)單,如同那一盤看似清湯寡水的開(kāi)水白菜,但是品嘗起來(lái)卻滋味無(wú)窮,白菜還是白菜,我們沒(méi)有離開(kāi)文本,我們看到了不一般的答案,我們品嘗到了文本不一般的滋味。
四道菜,四種境界,不同的設(shè)問(wèn)產(chǎn)生不同的效果,使我們的閱讀課精彩紛呈。這就需要我們英語(yǔ)老師必須對(duì)文本有深刻理解,這就需要我們對(duì)課堂設(shè)問(wèn)如同熬制“開(kāi)水白菜”一樣更加精心設(shè)計(jì),這就需要我們?cè)谡n堂上用提問(wèn)發(fā)動(dòng)學(xué)生,讓他們的精彩成為蓬勃生長(zhǎng)的枝葉,這樣,我們的英語(yǔ)閱讀課才能擁有屬于自己的真正的精彩!