1. Republic: a state governed by representatives and, usually a president. 共和國。比如中國,the people's republic of china, 美國的共和黨 Republican Party.
2. Monarchy: a state ruled by a king or queen.君主制。比如英國和瑞典都是君主立憲制,即constitional monarchy system.
3. Federation: a union of political units under a certral government.即聯(lián)邦政府。美國的聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局FBI常在美劇中出現(xiàn),全稱是Federal Bureau of Investigation.
4. Democracy: government of, by and for the people.民主國家,從英文解釋就可以看出是源自于人民,由人民管理,并服務(wù)于人民的國家政府。
5. Dictatorship: system of government run by a dictator. 獨裁專政
6. Independence: freedom from outside control, self- governing 獨立自制
接下來再看總統(tǒng)和議會政府:
美國
1. Presidential government: The powers of the President and the legislature (Congress) are separate. These branches of government are elected separately.很顯然美國是總統(tǒng)制整體,而總統(tǒng)并不是擁有所有權(quán)利的,他的權(quán)利和國會或立法機關(guān)的權(quán)利是分開的,在美國,總統(tǒng)甚至沒有管理各州的權(quán)利。美國總統(tǒng)大選(presidential election)每四年舉行一次,并且可以任命(appoint or nominate)政府內(nèi)的高級官員,包括內(nèi)閣(cabinet)成員,或者聯(lián)邦法官(judges),總統(tǒng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)主要的大黨,但在國會中不一定是多數(shù)黨(majority party)。
Congress 國會包括兩個House(院),及the House of Representatives (眾議院)和 the Senate(參議院)。司法機關(guān)(The judiciary )屬于獨立的機構(gòu),最高法院是the Supreme Court,可以否決總統(tǒng)和國會。