誰(shuí)發(fā)明了雨刷？

誰(shuí)發(fā)明了雨刷?

In the winter of 1902, an Alabama woman named Mary Anderson visited New York and was appalled by how the weather slowed down streetcars. Snow and sleet obscured the trolleys’ two-paneled windshields, forcing drivers to open both panes and peer through the gap between them. In her notebook, Anderson sketched out a solution: a squeegee wiper on the outside of the windshield, connected to a lever on the inside.

1902年冬天，阿拉巴馬州的一個(gè)名叫瑪麗·安德森(Mary Anderson)的女人來(lái)紐約旅行，糟糕的天氣令行車(chē)如此緩慢，她感到大為震驚。雪和冷雨模糊了有軌電車(chē)的兩塊擋風(fēng)玻璃，司機(jī)們只好打開(kāi)玻璃，透過(guò)兩塊玻璃之間的缺口向前張望。安德森在筆記本上畫(huà)了一個(gè)解決方案：在擋風(fēng)玻璃外面裝一個(gè)橡膠刮水器，與車(chē)?yán)锏囊粋€(gè)杠桿相連。

Anderson patented her invention the following year, but so few people owned automobiles that it attracted little interest. Motorcars were open-air in those days, and windshields were an optional accessory. “The reaction to rain on the windscreen was just to take off the windscreen,” explains Leslie Kendall, curator at the Petersen Automotive Museum. By the time Henry Ford’s Model T took motoring into the mainstream a decade later, Anderson’s “window cleaning device” had been forgotten.

次年，安德森為自己的發(fā)明申請(qǐng)了專(zhuān)利，但那時(shí)候很少人有汽車(chē)，所以她的發(fā)明沒(méi)引起人們的興趣。那時(shí)候的汽車(chē)是敞篷的，擋風(fēng)玻璃只是個(gè)可選的配件。 “下雨時(shí)，人們就把擋風(fēng)玻璃取掉，”彼得森汽車(chē)博物館(Petersen Automotive Museum)的策展人萊斯利·肯德?tīng)?Leslie Kendall)解釋說(shuō)。十年后，當(dāng)亨利·福特(Henry Ford)的T型車(chē)讓汽車(chē)成為主流時(shí)，安德森的“窗戶(hù)清潔裝置”已經(jīng)被遺忘了。

Unto the breach stepped John Oishei, an aspiring playwright who operated a vaudeville theater in Buffalo. While driving his National Roadster on a rainy night in 1916, Oishei hit a cyclist, a “harrowing experience,” he later said, “that imprinted on my mind the definite need for maintaining vision while driving in the rain.” (The cyclist was uninjured.)

后來(lái)約翰·奧森(John Oishei)又進(jìn)行了嘗試。他是一位有抱負(fù)的編劇，在水牛城經(jīng)營(yíng)一個(gè)輕歌舞劇院。1916年的一個(gè)雨夜，他開(kāi)著國(guó)家跑車(chē)(National Roadster)撞上了一個(gè)騎自行車(chē)的人(那個(gè)人沒(méi)有受傷)。他后來(lái)說(shuō)，“那個(gè)經(jīng)歷太可怕了，讓我深深覺(jué)得在雨中開(kāi)車(chē)一定要有清晰的視野。”

By then, others had come up with windshield-clearing devices similar to Anderson’s, but none were in wide distribution. Oishei found a locally made, hand-operated wiper called the Rain Rubber, which slid along the gap between the upper and lower panels of the split windscreens that were then in use. He then founded a company to market it. The device required a certain amount of dexterity — drivers had to operate it with one hand while shifting and steering with the other — but it quickly became standard equipment on American motorcars.

那時(shí)候，其他人也想出了與安德森的設(shè)計(jì)相似的擋風(fēng)玻璃清潔裝置，但都沒(méi)有流行開(kāi)來(lái)。奧森找到當(dāng)?shù)厣a(chǎn)的一個(gè)手動(dòng)操作的刮水器，名叫雨膠(Rain Rubber)，當(dāng)時(shí)使用的擋風(fēng)玻璃分為上下兩部分，雨膠沿著兩塊玻璃之間的缺口滑動(dòng)。然后他成立了一個(gè)公司推廣它。這個(gè)設(shè)備需要司機(jī)身手敏捷——一只手操縱它，另一只手控制方向盤(pán)——但它很快成為美國(guó)汽車(chē)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)裝備。

Oishei’s company, which was eventually called Trico, soon dominated the windshield-wiper market. While not an inventor himself, Oishei was relentless in his pursuit of patents, purchasing whatever technology he couldn’t develop in-house or litigate out of existence. After William M. Folberth patented a vacuum-powered windshield wiper that ran on suction from the engine’s intake manifold, for example, Trico spent three years battling him in court before buying his company in 1925 for $1 million. A later patent war, between Trico and rival windshield-wiper company Anco, stretched from the mid-1940s until 1971, making it one of the longest-running lawsuits of its day.

奧森的公司最終命名為特瑞科(Trico)，很快主導(dǎo)了雨刷器市場(chǎng)。雖然奧森本人不是發(fā)明家，但他堅(jiān)持不懈地追求專(zhuān)利，購(gòu)買(mǎi)自己公司不能開(kāi)發(fā)的所有技術(shù)或者為了生存提起訴訟。例如，在威廉·M·弗爾伯思(William M. Folberth)為真空動(dòng)力雨刷器(它以引擎進(jìn)氣管的吸力為動(dòng)力)申請(qǐng)專(zhuān)利后，特瑞科花了三年時(shí)間與他在法庭上較量，直到1925年以100萬(wàn)美元買(mǎi)下了他的公司。后來(lái)，特瑞科和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手安科雨刷器公司(Anco)之間的專(zhuān)利爭(zhēng)奪戰(zhàn)從20世紀(jì)40年代中期持續(xù)到1971年，成為當(dāng)時(shí)持續(xù)時(shí)間最長(zhǎng)的訴訟之一。

Over time, windshield wipers have been re-engineered again and again, in response both to changing windshield designs and to automakers’ desire for enticing new add-ons. But the basic concept remains true to what Anderson sketched aboard that New York trolley in 1902: a squeegee that wipes water from the glass. As one early windshield-wiper advertisement explained: “A Clear Sight Ahead Prevents Accidents. An Undimmed Vision Makes It Easier to Drive.”

經(jīng)過(guò)這么多年，雨刷器被再三改造，以應(yīng)對(duì)擋風(fēng)玻璃設(shè)計(jì)的變化以及汽車(chē)制造商對(duì)迷人新配件的渴望。但是基本的概念仍是1902年安德森在紐約電車(chē)上畫(huà)的草圖：一個(gè)從玻璃上刮水的橡膠清潔器。就像早期的一個(gè)雨刷器廣告所說(shuō)的那樣：“清晰的視野能預(yù)防事故，讓駕駛更輕松。”