芬蘭學(xué)校將不再開(kāi)設(shè)寫(xiě)字課

Handwriting is dead, long live keyboard skills!

書(shū)寫(xiě)已逝，鍵盤(pán)技能萬(wàn)歲!

So says the Finnish education system. From 2016 handwriting will no longer be taught in Finnish schools. And when a high-performing country like Finland makes an educational move, the rest of us who are slipping down the international ladder of academic performance should at least consider whether there would be any benefit in following in their footsteps.

這是芬蘭教育制度所傳達(dá)的信息。從2016年開(kāi)始，芬蘭學(xué)校的寫(xiě)字課將不復(fù)存在。當(dāng)像芬蘭這樣一個(gè)教育如此發(fā)達(dá)的國(guó)家有此行動(dòng)時(shí)，其他在學(xué)術(shù)表現(xiàn)遜色的國(guó)家至少應(yīng)該想想效仿芬蘭是否能帶來(lái)益處。

Should we ditch handwriting lessons too?

我們是不是也應(yīng)該廢除寫(xiě)字課?

Does handwriting matter?

書(shū)寫(xiě)重要嗎?

Most would agree that everyone should at least be able to pick up a pen or pencil and craft a message that others can read. But beyond legibility, does it matter how you form your letters when you hand write?

很多人都同意每個(gè)人至少應(yīng)能拿起筆寫(xiě)出清晰可辨的信息。但是除了可讀性之外，書(shū)寫(xiě)的方式真的重要嗎?

There is research linking fluent handwriting with better written compositions. But the key isn’t the quality, form or style of the handwriting, but rather the automaticity of the handwriting. That is, the less you have to concentrate on getting your letters right, the more brain space you can devote to getting your message right. So, your handwriting just needs to feel natural for you.

有研究表明流暢的書(shū)寫(xiě)與更好的文筆具有相關(guān)性。但關(guān)鍵不在于書(shū)寫(xiě)的質(zhì)量、形式或風(fēng)格，而在于書(shū)寫(xiě)的自動(dòng)化程度。也就是說(shuō)，你在寫(xiě)好字上花的精力越少，你構(gòu)思文章的精力就越多。因此，你的書(shū)寫(xiě)只需自然流暢即可。

Typing versus handwriting

打字vs手寫(xiě)

Writing automaticity is just as easily achieved on a keyboard. It is actually more time efficient to teach a child to type than it is to teach them a particular handwriting style. By the time they are eight years old, they can already type faster than they can handwrite.

寫(xiě)字的自動(dòng)化程度很容易通過(guò)鍵盤(pán)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。實(shí)際上，教一個(gè)孩子打字比教他們一種特定的字體有效率多了。等到他們八歲的時(shí)候，他們打字速度已經(jīng)比手寫(xiě)要快了。

In 2016, the national standardized literacy and numeracy tests, NAPLAN, will be completed online. We can assume this means students will type their compositions rather than handwrite them. And perhaps the nation’s writing scores will improve as a result. Typed written assessments typically score more highly than handwritten compositions. Assessors rate them as better organized, and, quite simply, easier to read.

2016年，芬蘭國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化識(shí)讀與運(yùn)算測(cè)試(NAPLAN)將采用機(jī)試。我們可以認(rèn)為，這意味著考生們會(huì)用鍵盤(pán)打字而非手寫(xiě)，而且全國(guó)整體的寫(xiě)作分?jǐn)?shù)也可能會(huì)有所提高。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，打出來(lái)的文章比手寫(xiě)的文章得分更高。閱卷者會(huì)認(rèn)為打出來(lái)的文章構(gòu)思更好，當(dāng)然，也更易讀。

Should we bother teaching handwriting?

我們應(yīng)該把精力花在教學(xué)生寫(xiě)字上嗎?

As prevalent as keyboards are, handwriting isn’t obsolete quite yet, so it remains important to teach letter formation to young children.

雖然鍵盤(pán)大行其道，但是手寫(xiě)至今也還未過(guò)時(shí)，所以將字母編排教給幼兒依然重要。

The letters of the alphabet are complex abstract symbols and children can’t begin to write their letters until they can draw a circle. If they can’t draw a circle then they can’t form letters like a, b, d, o, p, q.

字母表中的字母是復(fù)雜而抽象的符號(hào)，只有等孩子們可以畫(huà)圓圈時(shí)，他們才可以開(kāi)始書(shū)寫(xiě)字母。如果他們不會(huì)畫(huà)圈，那么他們便寫(xiě)不出a、b、d、o、p、q這些字母來(lái)。

This ability to draw an enclosed shape is a very important marker of both cognitive and physical development, and it is a skill that emerges from their scribbles. So drawing, scribbling and playing with crayons and pencils are an important part of learning to hand write.

畫(huà)封閉圖形的能力是認(rèn)知和身體發(fā)展的重要標(biāo)志，這項(xiàng)技能從涂鴉開(kāi)始形成。所以畫(huà)畫(huà)、涂鴉和擺弄蠟筆與鉛筆是學(xué)習(xí)寫(xiě)字的重要部分。

An old-fashioned anachronism?

手寫(xiě)過(guò)時(shí)了?

The history of handwriting has always been one of convenience and change according to the writing technologies available.

方便省事和根據(jù)已有書(shū)寫(xiě)技術(shù)產(chǎn)生的演變共同譜寫(xiě)出了手寫(xiě)體的發(fā)展史。

In our first alphabets, Phoenician, Greek and Roman, the letters were angular due to the writing technologies of the day - chisels, granite, marble and clay. The first writing was from right to left across the page – a more natural direction for the chiseller.

在最早的字母表——腓尼基、希臘和羅馬字母表中，由于當(dāng)時(shí)的手寫(xiě)技術(shù)為鏨子、花崗巖、大理石和粘土，字母呈一定的角度。最初人們寫(xiě)字的方向是從右到左的，對(duì)鑿工來(lái)說(shuō)，這一順序來(lái)得更自然。

But when ink and paper came along, moving from right to left was too messy for right handed writers and the direction of our writing changed from left to right. (To the chagrin of all left handers, until the invention of the fast drying ballpoint pen!)

人類發(fā)明了紙和墨之后，對(duì)習(xí)慣于用右手寫(xiě)字的人來(lái)說(shuō)從右到左寫(xiě)字太麻煩了，于是書(shū)寫(xiě)的方向就變成了從左到右(但這也讓左撇子們惱怒不已，這種情況直到人類發(fā)明了速干圓珠筆之后才得以改變。)

It wasn’t just directionality that changed as we made the shift from stone to paper. Pen and ink made it easier to produce curves rather than angles, and the shape of our letters changed accordingly.

在我們的書(shū)寫(xiě)載體從石頭到紙張演變的過(guò)程中，改變的不僅僅是書(shū)寫(xiě)的方向。筆墨讓畫(huà)弧線變得比畫(huà)角度容易，字母的形狀也由此改變。

The technology of the fountain pen meant directionality of strokes became important. Down strokes were important because the shape of the nib and flow of the ink didn’t easily allow for upstrokes.

鋼筆的發(fā)明讓筆畫(huà)的方向性變得重要起來(lái)。要知道鋼筆尖和墨水的流動(dòng)是不利于寫(xiě)向上的筆畫(huà)的，因此向下的筆畫(huà)很重要。

The invention of the ballpoint pen meant we no longer relied on ink refills, and nib shapes. Felt tip pens meant that even gravity no longer played a role in the way we write. Yet children still complete pages of handwriting exercises based on the technology of the fountain pen and ink.

圓珠筆的發(fā)明意味著我們不再需要勤換墨水，不再受筆尖形狀的限制。簽字筆意味著甚至連重力都不再影響我們書(shū)寫(xiě)的方式。然而，小孩子仍然需要用鋼筆來(lái)完成一頁(yè)又一頁(yè)的書(shū)寫(xiě)練習(xí)。

Handwriting vs writing

手寫(xiě)vs寫(xiě)作

Handwriting is often wrongly conflated with writing ability. You only need to glance at the handwritten manuscripts of our greatest writers to know there isn’t a link between handwriting skills and literacy skills.

人們往往錯(cuò)誤地把書(shū)寫(xiě)能力和寫(xiě)作能力混同起來(lái)。你只要看看我們那些偉大作家的字跡，便可知道書(shū)寫(xiě)技能與寫(xiě)作水平無(wú)關(guān)。

I remember my son’s Year 2 teacher was very worried about his handwriting. Apparently he started his letters at the bottom, using upstrokes instead of downstrokes. His teacher was concerned it may hamper his literacy development in some way, and that I should “train” him out of it.

我記得我兒子讀二年級(jí)的時(shí)候老師十分擔(dān)心他的書(shū)寫(xiě)。很顯然，他寫(xiě)字都是從底部開(kāi)始，用向上的筆畫(huà)而非向下的筆畫(huà)。老師擔(dān)心這可能在某種程度上阻礙他寫(xiě)作能力的發(fā)展，而認(rèn)為我應(yīng)該多教孩子寫(xiě)字。

There may have been a few reasons why he wrote his letters this way. The first language he learned to write was Greek, which has a different alphabet. He is also a left-hander and they often do things a little differently as they try to reconcile their way of seeing the world with that of their right handed teachers. Or maybe it was just his style; natural and automatic to him.

他這樣寫(xiě)字可能有以下幾點(diǎn)原因。他最早學(xué)習(xí)的語(yǔ)言是希臘語(yǔ)，而希臘語(yǔ)有著一套不同的字母體系。他也是個(gè)左撇子，這使得他在協(xié)調(diào)自己看待世界的方式與習(xí)慣于用右手寫(xiě)字的老師看待世界的方式的時(shí)候，寫(xiě)字的上下順序有所不同?；蛟S他的書(shū)寫(xiě)風(fēng)格就是這樣，他寫(xiě)起來(lái)流暢自然。

It was not, however, an indication of a literacy difficulty.

然而，這并不表明他的寫(xiě)作能力低下。

Perhaps there are more important things to do

也許我們還有一些更重要的事情要做

With so many things to do in a school day, it is hard to see why dedicated handwriting lessons persist.

學(xué)校的一天當(dāng)中有那么多事情要做，很難說(shuō)專門(mén)的寫(xiě)字課為什么要保留。

No matter how standardized we attempt to make handwriting, we all end up with our own style. So perhaps there are better things to do in the school day than have children complete pages of handwriting exercises. Perhaps we’d do just as well to let children play with drawing and writing implements and find their own style.

不管我們?cè)噲D讓自己的書(shū)寫(xiě)變得多么標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，我們最后總會(huì)以自己的風(fēng)格去寫(xiě)字。所以，比起讓孩子們完成數(shù)頁(yè)的寫(xiě)字練習(xí)，在學(xué)?？赡苓€有更重要的事情值得去做。也許，我們只需要讓孩子們學(xué)會(huì)使用寫(xiě)字畫(huà)畫(huà)的工具，從而發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的風(fēng)格。

Vocabulary

legibility: 易讀性

standardized: 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的

alphabet: 字母表

cognitive: 認(rèn)知的

scribble: 涂鴉

chisel: 鑿子

granite: 花崗巖

marble: 大理石

clay: 粘土

messy: 散亂的

directionality: 方向性

manuscript: 手稿

conflate: 合并

literacy: 讀寫(xiě)能力