亞洲公共政策學(xué)院成為熱門之選

With neat green lawns and clean white arches, thecolonial-era architecture of the Lee Kuan Yew Schoolof Public Policy reflects the calm and order typical ofSingapore. The campus was once home to RafflesCollege, the alma mater of Mr Lee, Singapore’sfounding father, who is credited with driving theefficient government and faultless public servicesthat add to the draw of studying policy in the city-state.

修剪整齊的綠草坪、潔白的拱門，新加坡國(guó)立大學(xué)李光耀公共政策學(xué)院(Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy)的殖民時(shí)期建筑反映出新加坡典型的寧?kù)o和秩序。新加坡國(guó)立大學(xué)的前身是萊佛士學(xué)院(Raffles College)，新加坡開國(guó)之父李光耀的母校;李光耀因推動(dòng)了高效率政府和完美的公共服務(wù)而備受贊譽(yù)，這給在新加坡學(xué)習(xí)公共政策增添了吸引力。

“Singapore is a wonderful public policy laboratory,” says Kishore Mahbubani, dean at the LeeKuan Yew School. For years, growing numbers of students in the US and Europe have beenopting for a Master of Public Policy (MPP) over the traditional MBA as they search for a coursethat trains students for government, civil society and the media.

“新加坡是一個(gè)極好的公共政策實(shí)驗(yàn)室，”李光耀公共政策學(xué)院院長(zhǎng)馬凱碩(Kishore Mahbubani)表示。多年來(lái)，越來(lái)越多的歐美學(xué)生選擇公共政策碩士(MPP)，而非傳統(tǒng)的MBA，因?yàn)樗麄冊(cè)趯ふ姨峁┱?、公民社?huì)和媒體方面培訓(xùn)的課程。

As policymakers around the world look to Asia, drawn by the prospect of fast-growing marketssuch as China and India, many students are keen to gain experience on the continent, flockingto institutions like the Lee Kuan Yew School, the Graduate School of Public Policy at theUniversity of Tokyo and the Jindal School of Government and Public Policy near New Delhi, all ofwhich run MPP courses in English.

在全球各地的政策制定者將目光投向亞洲之際，受中國(guó)和印度等快速增長(zhǎng)市場(chǎng)的前景吸引，很多學(xué)生迫切希望獲得有關(guān)亞洲的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。他們紛紛報(bào)考李光耀公共政策學(xué)院、東京大學(xué)(University of Tokyo)公共政策大學(xué)院(Graduate School of Public Policy)以及新德里附近的金德爾政府與公共政策學(xué)院(Jindal School ofGovernment and Public Policy)等學(xué)校，這些學(xué)校都開設(shè)英文授課的MPP課程。

“Europe represents the past, America represents the present, Asia represents the future,” ProfMahbubani adds. “So, if you’re a young person do you want to place bets on the past or thefuture?”

“歐洲代表過(guò)去，美國(guó)代表現(xiàn)在，亞洲代表未來(lái)，”馬凱碩教授補(bǔ)充稱，“因此，如果你是個(gè)年輕人，你是想押注于過(guò)去還是押注于未來(lái)?”

Asian policy schools remain fledglings when compared with their US peers. The HarvardKennedy School of Government, in particular, was the template for the Lee Kuan Yew Schoolwhen it was set up in 2004. Much like their western counterparts, MPP courses in Asia have thegoal of equipping people to improve governance. Through one- or two-year programmes,students are taught basic economics, politics and quantitative skills, before taking electivecourses on everything from trade to security.

與美國(guó)學(xué)校相比，亞洲的公共政策學(xué)院仍羽翼未豐。在2004年創(chuàng)辦時(shí)，李光耀公共政策學(xué)院特別參照的模板是哈佛大學(xué)肯尼迪政府學(xué)院(Harvard Kennedy School of Government)。與西方同類學(xué)校大體一樣，亞洲MPP課程的培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)是讓學(xué)生畢業(yè)后能夠?yàn)楦纳普卫沓隽?。在一兩年的課程學(xué)習(xí)中，學(xué)員會(huì)先學(xué)習(xí)基礎(chǔ)的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和政治學(xué)知識(shí)、以及定量分析技能，然后學(xué)習(xí)從貿(mào)易到安全的各種選修課程。

The Lee Kuan Yew School, the best known option in Asia, now has three postgraduate coursesfor those with different professional experience. Prof Mahbubani says 60–70 per cent of thoseadmitted are offered financial aid to ensure that students come from varied backgrounds.There is also an aim to recruit an equal number of students from Singapore, Southeast Asia,China, India and the rest of the world.

李光耀公共政策學(xué)院是亞洲最知名的公共政策學(xué)院，如今針對(duì)不同專業(yè)經(jīng)歷的人士開設(shè)3種碩士課程。馬凱碩教授表示，60%至70%的被錄取者會(huì)獲得助學(xué)金，以確保學(xué)員背景的多樣性。該校錄取政策還有一個(gè)目標(biāo)是，讓來(lái)自新加坡、東南亞、中國(guó)、印度和全球其他地區(qū)的學(xué)員比例相同。

The Global Public Policy Network — a partnership that includes Columbia University in New Yorkand the London School of Economics and Political Science, as well as the Lee Kuan Yew Schooland the University of Tokyo — is crucial for Asian programmes eager to offer students thebrand of a known western university alongside a strong insight into emerging markets.

對(duì)于希望為學(xué)員提供知名西方大學(xué)品牌以及對(duì)新興市場(chǎng)深刻洞見(jiàn)的亞洲課程而言，全球公共政策聯(lián)盟(GlobalPublic Policy Network)至關(guān)重要。紐約哥倫比亞大學(xué)(Columbia University)、倫敦政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院(LondonSchool of Economics and Political Science)、李光耀公共政策學(xué)院以及東京大學(xué)公共政策大學(xué)院都是該聯(lián)盟的成員。

Khasan Redjaboev, for example, grew up in Uzbekistan, where he dabbled in entrepreneurshipand was an education consultant to the government, before enrolling as a double-degreestudent at Sciences Po in Paris and the Lee Kuan Yew School. The 26-year-old says he sees anadvantage to studying in the Asian market: the opportunity to be a big fish in a small pond.

例如，哈桑•雷賈博耶夫(Khasan Redjaboev)在烏茲別克斯坦長(zhǎng)大，他在那里嘗試過(guò)創(chuàng)業(yè)，當(dāng)過(guò)政府的教育顧問(wèn)，后來(lái)他注冊(cè)為巴黎政治學(xué)院(Sciences Po)和李光耀公共政策學(xué)院的雙學(xué)位學(xué)生。這名26歲的學(xué)員表示，他認(rèn)為在亞洲學(xué)習(xí)的優(yōu)勢(shì)是：有機(jī)會(huì)成為小池塘里的一條大魚。

“Since Paris is quite big and people are quite fancy … you don’t really get to meet the toppeople. It is nearly impossible for a student to have a dinner one-on-one with the chiefexecutive of a big company,” he says. “But in Singapore it is possible.”

“巴黎很大，那里的人很優(yōu)秀……你其實(shí)沒(méi)有機(jī)會(huì)見(jiàn)到最優(yōu)秀的人。一名學(xué)生單獨(dú)與一家大公司的首席執(zhí)行官吃飯幾乎是不可能的，”他表示，“但這在新加坡是有可能的。”

As well as offering exchange programmes and joint degrees, the network’s schoolscollaborate on cross-border events and research. For Hideaki Shiroyama, dean at the GraduateSchool of Public Policy at the University of Tokyo, the system is a way in which newerinstitutions can compete. “The Kennedy School is a longstanding model but actually what wedid is to set up an alternative network model,” he says.

除了提供交換生項(xiàng)目和聯(lián)合學(xué)位，全球公共政策聯(lián)盟的成員學(xué)校還會(huì)合作開展跨境活動(dòng)和研究。對(duì)于東京大學(xué)公共政策大學(xué)院院長(zhǎng)城山英明(Hideaki Shiroyama)而言，通過(guò)這種聯(lián)盟，較新興的學(xué)校可以參與競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。他表示：“肯尼迪學(xué)院是一個(gè)能夠長(zhǎng)久存續(xù)的模式，但實(shí)際上我們所做的是創(chuàng)建了一個(gè)另類聯(lián)盟模式。”

Yet, just as public policy programmes struggle to compete with established MBA schools —which host slick recruitment drives and career counselling — newer policy schools in Asia facecriticism from education analysts, who point out that those investing in postgraduate educationexpect a great job on graduation. “Even if you have a global applicant pool, your placement islocal,” says Karan Khemka, a partner at Parthenon-EY, the education consultancy, explainingthat many international students eager to study in China and India are reluctant to work in theemerging markets in the long term.

然而，公共政策項(xiàng)目很難與老牌MBA商學(xué)院競(jìng)爭(zhēng)(后者會(huì)開展嫻熟的招聘活動(dòng)，還提供就業(yè)咨詢)，亞洲較新興的公共政策學(xué)院還受到教育分析人士的批評(píng)，他們指出，花大價(jià)錢念碩士項(xiàng)目的學(xué)生是希望在畢業(yè)后找到一份非常好的工作。教育咨詢機(jī)構(gòu)巴特農(nóng)-安永(Parthenon-EY)合伙人克倫•克赫姆克(Karan Khemka)表示：“即便申請(qǐng)者來(lái)自全球各地，但就業(yè)面向的是本土市場(chǎng)。”他解釋稱，希望在中國(guó)和印度學(xué)習(xí)的很多留學(xué)生不愿長(zhǎng)期在新興市場(chǎng)工作。

Yet, for those looking beyond their pay cheque, schools in Asia promise a different perspectiveon policy. In India, academics at the Jindal School argue that professors with experience inemerging markets offer a more useful perspective on challenges such as poverty andagriculture, which academics in Singapore and Boston may struggle with. “If you look at the LeeKuan Yew School you would think public policy is an extension of the state — here we aredemocracy driven,” says vice dean, Shiv Visvanathan. “It gets you a different kind of student— not a student who is searching for a World Bank job but someone who is looking for themeaning of India.”

然而，對(duì)于那些不關(guān)注薪資的人而言，亞洲學(xué)校能夠帶來(lái)不同的政策視角。在印度，金德爾政府與公共政策學(xué)院的學(xué)者認(rèn)為，具備新興市場(chǎng)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的教授會(huì)在貧困和農(nóng)業(yè)等挑戰(zhàn)方面提供更有用的視角，而這可能是新加坡和波士頓的學(xué)者難以提供的。“李光耀學(xué)院的情況會(huì)讓你會(huì)認(rèn)為，公共政策是政府的延伸——而在這里，我們是受民主推動(dòng)的，”金德爾政府與公共政策學(xué)院副院長(zhǎng)希沃•維斯沃納滕(Shiv Visvanathan)表示，“你會(huì)招到不同類型的學(xué)生，這種學(xué)生不是在物色世界銀行(World Bank)的工作，而是在找尋印度的意義。”

Just four years old, the Jindal School, named after the Indian business family, faces starklydifferent challenges to its peers in Tokyo and Singapore. The fledgling institution is not partof the global network and with just 25 graduate students on the postgraduate course everyyear, it draws from a different pool. Of the 20 per cent of overseas students every year, themajority come from Africa. The school’s Rs600,000 ($9,050) fees for the residential two-yearcourse, though piffling compared with the $45,697 tuition fee for just a year at Harvard, is stilla stretch for many of its students. Mr Sarkar says three individuals a year have a fullscholarship with others receiving funding of 20–50 per cent.

僅僅創(chuàng)建4年的金德爾政府與公共政策學(xué)院面臨著與東京和新加坡的公共政策學(xué)院截然不同的挑戰(zhàn)。該學(xué)院是以印度一個(gè)企業(yè)家族的名字命名的。這所年輕的學(xué)院并非全球公共政策聯(lián)盟的成員，每年的碩士課程僅有25名學(xué)員，其生源有所不同。海外留學(xué)生占該學(xué)院學(xué)員的20%，其中大多數(shù)來(lái)自非洲。該學(xué)院的全日制兩年住校課程學(xué)費(fèi)為60萬(wàn)印度盧比(合9050美元)，與哈佛大學(xué)一年就45697美元的學(xué)費(fèi)相比簡(jiǎn)直微不足道，但對(duì)該學(xué)院很多學(xué)生而言仍然太貴。瑟克爾(Sarkar)表示，每年有3人獲得全額獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金，還有一些學(xué)生會(huì)獲得20%至50%的資助。

Meanwhile, it is still difficult to draw top talent from India, where the most accomplishedstudents are encouraged to study engineering and then pursue an MBA. Those that do choosea degree in public policy after studying maths and science often struggle with qualitativecourses.

與此同時(shí)，這所學(xué)校仍然很難吸引到印度最優(yōu)秀的人才前來(lái)就讀。在印度，最優(yōu)秀的學(xué)生會(huì)被鼓勵(lì)學(xué)習(xí)工程，而后攻讀MBA。那些在學(xué)習(xí)數(shù)學(xué)和自然科學(xué)后選擇攻讀公共政策學(xué)位的學(xué)生通常會(huì)在定性分析類課程方面遇到困難。

“Students don’t have the analytical capacity because that’s not how they were trained,” ProfSarkar explains. “How do you go about imparting that? How do you make students think andthink logically?”

“學(xué)生不具備分析能力，因?yàn)樗麄儧](méi)有接受過(guò)這樣的訓(xùn)練，”瑟克爾教授解釋稱，“你怎么才能教會(huì)他們這個(gè)呢?你怎么才讓學(xué)生思考問(wèn)題、并且是有邏輯地思考問(wèn)題呢?”

Just as those in India see poverty and chaos as a major draw for young people interested insolving policy issues, the Japanese school sees itself as a developed world environment fromwhich to explore Asia. “Going to China might be dynamic but there is some difficulty in livingin Beijing with the culture and freedom and accessibility,” explains Prof Shiroyama, whoestimates that 50–60 per cent of the school’s international students come from Asia. “Japan canbe like a bridge between emerging Asia and developed countries.”

在印度，一些人認(rèn)為貧困和混亂是年輕人對(duì)解決政策問(wèn)題感興趣的主要原因，而東京大學(xué)公共政策大學(xué)院把自己視為一個(gè)可以讓學(xué)生探究亞洲的發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家環(huán)境。“中國(guó)可能活力十足，但住在北京，會(huì)遇到一些有關(guān)文化、自由和參與能力的問(wèn)題，”城山英明解釋道，“日本可以成為連接亞洲新興市場(chǎng)與發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的橋梁。”他估計(jì)，該學(xué)院50%至60%的國(guó)際學(xué)員來(lái)自亞洲。

While education analysts and academics look at the curriculum, students often have morepractical reasons for enrolling in Asian policy schools. The most obvious is the lower cost.Tuition is an annual Y535,800 ($4,428) for the international MPP in Tokyo, on top of anadmissions fee of Y282,000, while the Lee Kuan Yew School’s international MPP students payS$34,500 ($24,585) once state subsidies are accounted for.

教育分析人士和學(xué)者會(huì)考慮課程設(shè)置，而學(xué)生報(bào)考亞洲政策學(xué)院通常有著更實(shí)際的理由。最明顯的原因是學(xué)費(fèi)較低。東京大學(xué)國(guó)際MPP每年學(xué)費(fèi)為53.58萬(wàn)日元(合4428美元)，另外還有28.2萬(wàn)日元的錄取費(fèi)。如果考慮到有政府補(bǔ)貼的話，李光耀公共政策學(xué)院的國(guó)際MPP學(xué)員的學(xué)費(fèi)是3.45萬(wàn)新元(合24585美元)。

For Mr Redjaboev, the decision to take a joint degree in Paris and Singapore was easy.Harvard and Princeton have a cachet but the US government is not considered friendly to hisown administration, or to those his friends would like to join elsewhere in central Asia andRussia. If the goal is a job in the civil service, he says, opting for a US school could becounterproductive.

對(duì)于雷賈博耶夫而言，做出在巴黎和新加坡攻讀雙學(xué)位的決定很容易。哈佛大學(xué)和普林斯頓大學(xué)(Princeton)的聲望很高，但美國(guó)政府被公認(rèn)對(duì)烏茲別克斯坦政府、以及他的朋友們希望求職的中亞其他政府和俄羅斯政府并不友好。他表示，如果求學(xué)的目的是畢業(yè)后做公務(wù)員，那么選擇美國(guó)的學(xué)?？赡軙?huì)適得其反。