北京上海網(wǎng)約車市場(chǎng)對(duì)外地司機(jī)關(guān)閉大門

BEIJING —Fresh from school with a degree in hotel management, Luo Haichao left his hometown and moved to Beijing to look for a bigger paycheck. He eventually found one in a different sector: driving cars. China has created its own local versions of Uber and Lyft, and the ride-hailing business is booming.

北京——從學(xué)校畢業(yè)不久，拿到了酒店管理學(xué)位的雒海超離開家鄉(xiāng)，來(lái)北京尋找更高的工資。他最終在另一個(gè)行業(yè)找到了一個(gè)工作：當(dāng)司機(jī)。中國(guó)已經(jīng)有了本國(guó)版本的Uber和Lyft，網(wǎng)約車業(yè)務(wù)正在蓬勃發(fā)展。

But now Mr. Luo — and potentially tens of thousands of other drivers — will have to get off the road.

但現(xiàn)在，雒海超將不得不停止工作，還有成千上萬(wàn)的其他司機(jī)也可能面臨這個(gè)前景。

Citing safety and other issues, the cities of Beijing and Shanghai said on Wednesday that Chinese ride-hailing companies must stop using out-of-town drivers like Mr. Luo and hire only local residents to sit behind the wheel.

周三，北京和上海這兩個(gè)城市以安全和其他問(wèn)題為由宣布，在國(guó)內(nèi)經(jīng)營(yíng)網(wǎng)約車業(yè)務(wù)的公司必須停止使用像雒海超這樣的外地司機(jī)，只能雇用當(dāng)?shù)鼐用駚?lái)開車。

“It makes me feel sad,” said Mr. Luo, 29, who works for the ride-hailing companies Didi Chuxing and Yidao Yongche and had just spent about $36,000 on a new Volkswagen Passat to give his passengers a more reliable ride. “Without people who come from the outside, Beijing wouldn’t have developed so fast.”

“這讓我感到難過(guò)，”29歲的雒海超說(shuō)，他為網(wǎng)約車公司滴滴出行和易到用車工作，為了讓自己的乘客能更可靠地乘車，他剛花25萬(wàn)元買了一輛新的大眾帕薩特。“沒(méi)有外地人，北京不會(huì)發(fā)展得這么快。”

The new rules could deal a significant blow to Didi Chuxing, China’s ride-hailing giant, and smaller rivals that must now find new — and probably more expensive — drivers in two major markets. Didi Chuxing had just defeated Uber in an expensive battle for dominance in the world’s largest ride-hailing market, and it enjoys such a high global profile that it counts Apple and other big names among its investors.

新規(guī)則可能會(huì)給中國(guó)最大的網(wǎng)約車公司滴滴出行及其更小的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手造成重大打擊，這些公司現(xiàn)在必須在這兩個(gè)主要市場(chǎng)尋找新司機(jī)，而且也許要付出更高的工資。滴滴出行為了在這個(gè)世界上最大的網(wǎng)約車市場(chǎng)中占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位，剛在一場(chǎng)代價(jià)昂貴的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中擊敗了Uber。滴滴在全球享有如此高的名聲，以至于其投資者中有包括蘋果(Apple)這樣的大牌公司。

In a statement, Didi said the rules represented a “significant step toward a more sensible and liberal framework,” and were less limiting on pricing, cars and driver restrictions than earlier drafts. A spokeswoman declined to comment on how the Beijing and Shanghai residency requirements for drivers would affect its business.

滴滴在一份聲明中說(shuō)，這些規(guī)則代表了“向著寬松和更合理的方向做了修改”，在定價(jià)、汽車和駕駛員方面的限制比以前草案版本中的要少。公司發(fā)言人對(duì)北京和上海有關(guān)司機(jī)戶籍的要求會(huì)如何影響公司業(yè)務(wù)拒絕發(fā)表評(píng)論。

China’s technology boom has put the country on the innovation map and transformed the lives of many of its nearly 1.4 billion people. But even the new parts of the Chinese economy depend in part on the same old fuel that powered the country’s rise for decades: cheap labor from the countryside.

中國(guó)技術(shù)行業(yè)的蓬勃發(fā)展已讓該國(guó)在創(chuàng)新領(lǐng)域占有一席之地，改變了中國(guó)近14億人口中許多人的生活。但是，即使在中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的新領(lǐng)域，也部分地依賴于幾十年來(lái)驅(qū)動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的舊要素：來(lái)自農(nóng)村的廉價(jià)勞動(dòng)力。

Those workers — now totaling nearly 280 million, including Mr. Luo — leave their farms, villages and smaller cities to seek factory jobs and better lives in the big cities. Their hands, low wages and willingness to work helped make China the world’s factory floor.

這種勞動(dòng)力目前的總?cè)藬?shù)已近2.8億，其中包括雒海超，他們從農(nóng)場(chǎng)、農(nóng)村和小城鎮(zhèn)走出來(lái)，到大城市尋找工廠的工作和更好的生活。他們的勞動(dòng)、低工資和什么活都愿意干的態(tài)度幫助中國(guó)成為世界工廠。

Increasingly, many of those workers do the grunt work behind China’s internet success stories. They drive cars for Didi Chuxing and Yidao Yongche, deliver packages for Alibaba Group and JD.com, and fetch takeout meals for Koubei and Eleme. Without them, China’s thriving e-commerce industry could take a significant hit.

這些工人正越來(lái)越多地干著中國(guó)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)成功案例背后的苦活。他們?yōu)榈蔚魏鸵椎介_車，為阿里巴巴和京東(JD.com)投遞包裹，也為“口碑”和“餓了么”送外賣餐。沒(méi)有他們，中國(guó)蓬勃發(fā)展的電子商務(wù)行業(yè)可能會(huì)受到重大打擊。

But the new ride-share regulations show that the technology industry in China is coming up against long-held concerns in the country about overcrowding, a widening wealth gap and access to education, health care and other services.

但是，新的網(wǎng)約車規(guī)則表明，中國(guó)的技術(shù)行業(yè)正面臨著人們長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)的擔(dān)憂，包括人口過(guò)多、貧富差距擴(kuò)大，以及外來(lái)人口獲得教育、醫(yī)療保健及其他服務(wù)的問(wèn)題。

“At the bottom of the conflict is tension between powerful vested interests and a new rising class,” said Hu Xingdou, an economics professor at the Beijing Institute of Technology. The political power of China’s taxi services — which see ride-hailing companies as dangerous rivals — presents a particularly strong challenge, he said.

北京理工大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)教授胡興東說(shuō)：“矛盾的根本是強(qiáng)大的既得利益與上升的新興階層之間的緊張關(guān)系。”他說(shuō)，中國(guó)出租車行業(yè)的政治力量是一個(gè)尤其強(qiáng)大的挑戰(zhàn)，出租車公司把網(wǎng)約車公司視為危險(xiǎn)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手。

It is not clear how many drivers would be affected, but the numbers could be significant. In Shanghai, for instance, fewer than 10,000 of the 410,000 active drivers registered to Didi Chuxing have permanent residency papers, according to Didi. Also on Wednesday, the southern boomtown of Guangzhou joined cities that had previously instituted less-restrictive residency requirements. In its statement, Didi said the city of Beijing had given it five months to implement the rules.

目前還不清楚將有多少司機(jī)會(huì)受影響，但人數(shù)可能會(huì)不少。例如，根據(jù)滴滴的數(shù)據(jù)，在滴滴上海注冊(cè)的41萬(wàn)名活躍司機(jī)中，只有不到1萬(wàn)擁有本地戶籍。同在周三，南方繁榮城市廣州則加入到了戶籍要求不那么嚴(yán)格的城市的行列之中。滴滴在其聲明中說(shuō)，北京市給公司五個(gè)月的時(shí)間來(lái)實(shí)施規(guī)則。

Officials in Beijing did not respond to requests for comment. But they were quoted by local news outlets citing safety concerns and a need to track drivers, as in the case a year ago, when a 28-year-old Beijing ride-share driver made headlines when he punched a drunk passenger, breaking an eye socket. The officials were also mentioned as citing local regulations already in place that require taxi drivers to be residents of the city where they work.

北京的官員沒(méi)有回應(yīng)置評(píng)請(qǐng)求。但當(dāng)?shù)匦侣劽襟w引用官員的話說(shuō)，主要是出于安全考慮，以及能跟蹤司機(jī)的需要，比如一年前發(fā)生過(guò)這樣的新聞，北京一名28歲的網(wǎng)約車司機(jī)動(dòng)手打了一名醉酒乘客，將其眼眶打破。新聞報(bào)道還提到，官員稱現(xiàn)有地方法規(guī)已經(jīng)要求出租車司機(jī)在他們工作的城市有戶籍。

At issue is China’s unique household registration — or hukou — system, which was intended to keep rural workers from flooding into more populous regions. The larger cities, like Beijing and Shanghai, need a steady influx of people like Mr. Luo to function.

問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵是中國(guó)獨(dú)特的戶籍制度，又稱“戶口”，其目的是防止外來(lái)民工涌入人口更稠密的地區(qū)。北京和上海這樣的大城市需要有像雒海超這樣的源源不斷的勞動(dòng)力。

But residents or officials often push back, worried that migrants could swamp schools, hospitals and other services. Chinese cities have long struggled with how to square the need for migrant labor with the hukou system, and the country is slowly moving toward making it easier for migrants to establish residency.

但這些城市的居民或官員常常產(chǎn)生反彈，擔(dān)心農(nóng)民工可能會(huì)讓學(xué)校、醫(yī)院和其他服務(wù)應(yīng)接不暇。中國(guó)城市長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)一直未能解決戶籍制度與外來(lái)勞動(dòng)力需求之間的矛盾，現(xiàn)在中國(guó)正在慢慢地向讓外來(lái)者更容易得到戶口的方向發(fā)展。

The ride-hailing business poses especially tricky concerns for local governments. Taxi drivers, who are required to be local residents, feel threatened and have flexed their political muscle. In some cities, taxi drivers have gone on strike, sometimes harassing ride-share drivers.

網(wǎng)約車服務(wù)業(yè)給地方政府帶來(lái)了特別棘手的問(wèn)題。出租車司機(jī)需要有當(dāng)?shù)貞艨?，這些司機(jī)感覺(jué)受到威脅，并開始動(dòng)用他們的政治力量。有些城市的出租車司機(jī)采取了罷工行動(dòng)，有時(shí)還騷擾網(wǎng)約車司機(jī)。

That has discouraged some ride-share drivers. “There are fewer and fewer rewards,” said Wen Zhenjiang, 37, who worked for Didi and Uber in Beijing for nearly two years and is now looking for work driving trucks.

這讓一些網(wǎng)約車司機(jī)感到泄氣。37歲的溫振江曾在北京為滴滴和Uber工作了近兩年，目前正在尋找駕駛卡車的工作，他說(shuō)，(開網(wǎng)約車)的“回報(bào)已越來(lái)越少”。

There are other reasons to leave. Driving full-time often means 14- to 15-hour shifts each day, sometimes overnight if there is strong demand. Most drivers rent vehicles, but some — like Mr. Luo — bought their own after they started to make good money. To save on rent, many share apartments in the suburbs.

也有人因?yàn)槠渌螂x開了網(wǎng)約車行業(yè)。全職開車常常意味著每天工作14到15個(gè)小時(shí)，如果需求特別強(qiáng)勁，有時(shí)還需要在夜間工作。大多數(shù)司機(jī)用租賃車，但也有些人，比如雒海超，在他們開始賺錢后買了自己的車。為了節(jié)省房租，許多人在郊區(qū)合租公寓。

Their employers don’t keep tabs on how often the drivers work or require them to reach driving quotas. However, if they get bad ratings from passengers, they risk losing bonus payments.

網(wǎng)約車司機(jī)的雇主不管司機(jī)工作多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，或者對(duì)他們有工作的配額要求。但是，如果乘客給他們的評(píng)分不高的話，他們就有可能失去獎(jiǎng)金。

Still, the rewards of getting into the ride-hailing business are clear: Mr. Luo has occasionally earned about $4,350 in a month, or three times more than the average Beijing office worker.

盡管如此，從事網(wǎng)約車服務(wù)者得到的回報(bào)很明顯：雒海超有時(shí)一個(gè)月能掙到3萬(wàn)元，比北京一般上班族掙的高三倍多。

On Wednesday, online groups devoted to ride-share drivers were filled with messages of anger and disappointment. Many said they would return to driving illegal taxis. ”That will probably make me more money,” wrote a driver named Xiaowei. Another, named Canyue, said, “Whatever the rule is, I will keep driving as long as I can still tap ‘start a service’ on my app.”

周三，以網(wǎng)約車司機(jī)為主的在線社區(qū)充滿了憤怒和失望的帖子。許多人說(shuō)，他們會(huì)重返駕駛非法出租車的工作。一個(gè)名叫“小偉”的司機(jī)寫道，“那可能會(huì)讓我掙到更多的錢。”另一個(gè)名叫“殘?jiān)?rdquo;的人說(shuō)，“無(wú)論有什么規(guī)則，只要我還能在app上點(diǎn)擊‘啟動(dòng)服務(wù)’，我就要繼續(xù)開車。”

Mr. Luo has a lot at stake. He is married and has an apartment and a mortgage back home in Chengde County in Hebei Province. His living is a good one for someone with a rural hukou. He is still making monthly payments equal to about $290 on his car and paying the same amount on his mortgage.

新規(guī)則對(duì)雒海超有很大的利害關(guān)系。他已結(jié)婚，在河北省承德縣有一套公寓，需要支付抵押貸款。他目前的生活對(duì)有農(nóng)村戶口的人來(lái)說(shuō)已很不錯(cuò)。他仍在支付每月約2000元的車貸和同樣數(shù)額的房貸。

“This is unfair to people from outside Beijing,” he said.

“這對(duì)北京以外的人不公平，”他說(shuō)。

But his days in the business are probably numbered, he said on Wednesday. “If it isn’t allowed, I will stop driving,” he said. “What can I do? I can’t put all my eggs in one basket.”

但他在周三說(shuō)，他當(dāng)網(wǎng)約車司機(jī)的日子可能不多了。他說(shuō)，“如果不讓我干了，我將不再開車。我能干什么呢?我總不能把所有的雞蛋都放在一個(gè)籃子里吧。”