調(diào)查權(quán)力法案生效,將英國公民置于嚴(yán)密監(jiān)視之下

Theresa May was central to pushing through the new spying laws in her job as home secretaryGetty Images

特蕾莎·梅在她擔(dān)任內(nèi)政大臣期間，是推動新監(jiān)視法案的核心人物

The UK's Investigatory Powers Act is now in effect, placing Britain under some of the widest-ranging spying powers ever seen.

英國的調(diào)查權(quán)力法案已經(jīng)生效，英國情報機構(gòu)正式被賦予史上最極端的偵查權(quán)力。

The law – passed last month but going into effect on 30 December – is intended as an updateto Britain's often unwieldy surveillance legislation. But it also includes a large set of newpowers – including the ability to collect the browsing records of everyone in the country andhave them read by authorities as diverse as the Food Standards Agency and the Departmentfor Work and Pensions.

該法案于上個月通過，但是將于12月30日開始生效，是目前英國繁瑣的監(jiān)視法案的升級版。該法賦予了政府新的監(jiān)視權(quán)力，包括強制要求互聯(lián)網(wǎng)服務(wù)供應(yīng)商保存所有用戶網(wǎng)頁瀏覽的完整記錄。有關(guān)部門可以調(diào)取這些記錄，包括英國食品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)局以及勞動與養(yǎng)老金部。

Most of the central parts of the act are now in force. That includes new powers to gather andretain data on citizens, and new ways to force technology companies and others to hand overthe data that they have about people to intelligence agencies.

該法案的大部分核心條款都已經(jīng)生效。這包括賦予權(quán)力收集并保存公民信息，以及強制要求科技公司等其他單位向有關(guān)部門上交他們所擁有的用戶信息。

Many of the most invasive powers in the bill haven't yet gone into force. That includes, forinstance, the collection of those Internet Connection Records, which has been postponed untilthe government and internet companies have worked out how they can collect suchinformation safely.

法案中那些最具侵入性的權(quán)力條款還沒有生效。這包括，例如，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)連接數(shù)據(jù)這部分將等到政府和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)公司測試到能夠安全的收集信息的時候再啟用。

The government has argued that the powers introduced in the bill are necessary to allowintelligence agencies and police to stop modern crime and prosecute the people involved in it.

政府強調(diào)該法案中描述的權(quán)力對于支持監(jiān)視機關(guān)和警察部門來阻止現(xiàn)代犯罪并起訴相關(guān)嫌疑人是非常必要的。

But Bella Sankey, Amnesty’s policy director, said that it was a "sad day" when the bill passedinto law last month.

但是大赦政策顧問Bella Sanky表示，上個月通過該法案的那天是“悲哀的”一天。

“The Home Secretary is right that the Government has a duty to protect us, but thesemeasures won’t do the job," she said then. "Instead they open every detail of every citizen’sonline life up to state eyes, drowning the authorities in data and putting innocent people’spersonal information at massive risk.

“內(nèi)政大臣說政府有保護我們的義務(wù)，這倒是沒錯，但這些措施達不到保護我們的目的。相反，這些措施使得每位公民的網(wǎng)上生活的所有細(xì)節(jié)被一覽無余，加重政府部門處理數(shù)據(jù)的負(fù)擔(dān)，并且給無辜群眾的個人信息帶來極大的泄露風(fēng)險。”

"This new law is world-leading – but only as a beacon for despots everywhere. The campaignfor a surveillance law fit for the digital age continues, and must now move to the courts."

“這部新法律世界領(lǐng)先，但只是從專制上做到了領(lǐng)先。我們?nèi)匀恍枰徊窟m應(yīng)這個數(shù)字化時代的監(jiān)視法律，而現(xiàn)在必須去法院來解決問題。”

The law has been opposed by tens of thousands of people in a public petition. But much ofthat opposition only started after the bill was quietly passed into law by MPs, meaning that itwas unlikely to have any effect.

該法案收到了數(shù)萬人的反對請愿書，但是大部分的反對聲音是在法案悄悄通過以后才發(fā)出的，所以沒產(chǎn)生什么影響。

But some of the central powers of the law were criticised by European courts earlier this month.As such, the law is set to face a range of legal challenges and could be changed in the comingmonths and years.

但是該法案的部分核心條款本月受到了歐洲法院的批評。照這樣下去，該法案將不得不面對大量的法律挑戰(zhàn)，并且可能在接下來的歲月里進行調(diào)整。