修憲或阻斷土耳其入歐之路

The EU should explore new arrangements with Turkey as its stalled bid to join the bloc is thrown further into question after a referendum vote gave President Recep Tayyip Erdogan sweeping new powers, Brussels’ enlargement chief said yesterday.

歐盟擴(kuò)大事務(wù)專(zhuān)員約翰內(nèi)斯•哈恩(Johannes Hahn，上圖)昨日表示，歐盟應(yīng)該探索與土耳其建立新的安排。在修憲公投賦予土耳其總統(tǒng)雷杰普•塔伊普•埃爾多安(Recep Tayyip Erdogan)廣泛的新權(quán)力后，久拖不決的土耳其入歐努力變得更懸了。

Johannes Hahn, the Austrian commissioner in Brussels, said he was seeking a mandate from member states to find a different approach. His move is the first step in a process that could clear the way for a formal suspension of Turkey’s accession talks and their replacement with a new customs deal.

這位奧地利籍專(zhuān)員表示，他正尋求獲得各成員國(guó)的授權(quán)，以找到一種不同的處理方法。他此番舉動(dòng)將開(kāi)啟一個(gè)進(jìn)程，可能為正式中止土耳其入歐談判、代之以簽署新關(guān)稅協(xié)議掃清道路。

It comes days after Turkish voters narrowly approved a constitutional overhaul to strengthen Mr Erdogan’s grip, a development seen in Brussels as the point of no return for the country’s discredited membership talks.

幾天前，土耳其選民以微弱多數(shù)通過(guò)了一項(xiàng)將強(qiáng)化埃爾多安掌權(quán)的憲法改革。在布魯塞爾眼中，這樣的發(fā)展意味著土耳其不被看好的入歐談判從此再無(wú)重啟之日。

Mr Hahn said there was no time to lose as Brussels embarked on a “fundamental” assessment of its fraught relationship with Turkey amid concern that the new constitution gave Mr Erdogan authoritarian powers and anxiety that he was exploiting last year’s failed coup to clamp down on political opponents.

哈恩稱(chēng)，眼下已經(jīng)沒(méi)有時(shí)間可以浪費(fèi)了，由于擔(dān)心新憲法賦予埃爾多安獨(dú)裁權(quán)力，加上對(duì)他利用去年失敗的政變打壓政治對(duì)手感到不安，布魯塞爾已經(jīng)著手對(duì)歐盟與土耳其之間不太平的關(guān)系進(jìn)行“根本性”評(píng)估。

“The current situation is not sustainable, neither for them nor for us,” Mr Hahn said. “We should say OK, let’s clean the table [of] everything we had and look [at] what could be the future kind of co-operation. Elements from things which have already existed might be taken on board.”

“無(wú)論是對(duì)他們還是對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)，當(dāng)前局勢(shì)都是不可持續(xù)的，”哈恩稱(chēng)，“我們應(yīng)該說(shuō)，好的，讓我們來(lái)理清桌面上的所有東西，看看未來(lái)可能的合作形式?，F(xiàn)有的種種情況都可能被納入考慮。”

Turkey is still officially a candidate for EU membership, though it has long been recognised that the country no longer has a meaningful prospect of joining. Mr Hahn said stability and certainty were required in the relationship between Brussels and Ankara, with Turkey’s economy weakening and the country facing “refinancing challenges” this year and in 2018.

目前土耳其仍然是歐盟候選成員國(guó)，盡管長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)人們一直認(rèn)為，土耳其入歐可能性其實(shí)已經(jīng)不大。哈恩稱(chēng)，在土耳其經(jīng)濟(jì)疲軟以及今明兩年該國(guó)面臨“再融資挑戰(zhàn)”的情況下，布魯塞爾和安卡拉之間的關(guān)系需要穩(wěn)定和確定下來(lái)。

He would seek a mandate from European foreign ministers to explore new arrangements with Ankara to replace the accession process — which can be suspended with approval of a qualified majority of member states — he said.

他表示，將尋求歐盟各國(guó)外長(zhǎng)的授權(quán)，以探索與安卡拉建立新安排來(lái)代替入歐談判進(jìn)程——在征得成員國(guó)特定多數(shù)同意的情況下，該進(jìn)程可以被暫停。

These would centre on a proposed upgrade to the 21-year-old EU customs union with Turkey, which covers industrial goods but not agriculture, services or public procurement. This would reinforce trade links with the country even as the accession process was parked, boosting an economy weakened by months of political turmoil.

新安排可能會(huì)以升級(jí)歐盟與土耳其有21年歷史的關(guān)稅聯(lián)盟為核心。該協(xié)議覆蓋工業(yè)產(chǎn)品，但并不包括農(nóng)業(yè)、服務(wù)業(yè)和公共采購(gòu)。即便入歐進(jìn)程被叫停，新的關(guān)稅聯(lián)盟也會(huì)加強(qiáng)歐盟與土耳其之間的貿(mào)易聯(lián)系，提振該國(guó)因數(shù)月來(lái)的政治動(dòng)蕩而趨于疲軟的經(jīng)濟(jì)。

EU member states have kept the accession process open to maintain dialogue and influence with Ankara. But Mr Hahn said there had to be a “realistic” and “rational” alternative, as the “artificial debate” over accession had overshadowed their relationship.

歐盟成員國(guó)還沒(méi)有切斷土耳其入歐進(jìn)程，以維持與土耳其的對(duì)話，并對(duì)其施加影響。但哈恩表示，必須找到一種“現(xiàn)實(shí)的”和“合理的”替代選擇，因?yàn)橛嘘P(guān)入歐的“模擬辯論”已讓雙方關(guān)系蒙上陰影。

He suggested Turkey could remain in the accession process only if it reversed its slide away from European values. “I am much more in favour [of having] something in place which is a more sustainable long-lasting structure.

他建議，土耳其只有改變背離歐洲價(jià)值觀的做法，才能留在入歐進(jìn)程中。“我更加贊同(實(shí)施)某種機(jī)制，一種更可持續(xù)、持久的架構(gòu)。

“I can’t believe that the country under Erdogan is willing to share any kind of power with anybody, and this is the fundamental concept of the EU. In that respect one has to see what is the [most] suitable kind of co-operation.”

“我不相信埃爾多安領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下的這個(gè)國(guó)家會(huì)愿意與任何人分享任何權(quán)力，而權(quán)力分享正是歐盟的基本理念。在這方面，我們必須看看(最)適合的合作形式是什么。”

Only Austria has pushed for an outright halt to accession talks, amid concern in Germany and elsewhere that an abrupt break could jeopardise a controversial deal with Ankara that has helped curtail migrant flows into Europe.

只有奧地利提出直接停止土耳其入歐談判。德國(guó)和其他國(guó)家都擔(dān)心，突然中斷談判可能會(huì)危及一項(xiàng)與土耳其達(dá)成的爭(zhēng)議性協(xié)議，該協(xié)議對(duì)遏制移民流入歐洲起到了一定作用。

But diplomats believe Europe is now better placed to confront any increase in migrants and that Mr Erdogan will calculate it is not in his interests to force refugees to leave Turkey.

但外交官們認(rèn)為，歐洲如今已能更好地應(yīng)對(duì)移民增加，而埃爾多安也會(huì)知道強(qiáng)迫難民離開(kāi)土耳其不符合他的利益。

Ankara’s relations with Europe deteriorated sharply during the constitutional referendum campaign, with Mr Erdogan comparing the Dutch and German governments to Nazis after they refused to allow Turkish ministers to address rallies in their countries in support of the changes.

在土耳其為修憲公投宣傳造勢(shì)期間，荷蘭和德國(guó)政府拒絕讓土耳其一些部長(zhǎng)在正在他們國(guó)家舉行的支持土耳其修憲的集會(huì)上發(fā)言，埃爾多安因此把這兩國(guó)政府比作納粹，這些事情導(dǎo)致土歐關(guān)系顯著惡化。

EU foreign ministers hold talks in Malta on Friday, at which they will take stock of relations with Mr Erdogan and Turkey’s new constitution, which has been criticised by human rights groups.

本周五，歐盟國(guó)家外長(zhǎng)將在馬耳他舉行會(huì)談，討論與埃爾多安的關(guān)系以及土耳其的新憲法。新憲法遭到了人權(quán)團(tuán)體的批評(píng)。