美國(guó)新國(guó)防戰(zhàn)略著重對(duì)付中俄

The Pentagon’s first new national defence strategy in four years will adopt a more aggressive military stance against China and Russia as its top priority, according to people familiar with the document.

知情人士稱(chēng)，美國(guó)五角大樓將出臺(tái)四年來(lái)的首份新國(guó)防戰(zhàn)略，其核心要點(diǎn)是對(duì)中國(guó)和俄羅斯采取更具攻擊性的軍事立場(chǎng)。

The focus restores Washington’s rivalry with other leading powers to the forefront of US defence planning, in line with last month’s White House national security strategy that named Russia and China as America’s chief adversaries.

這意味著華盛頓的國(guó)防方針將重新把美國(guó)與其他主要大國(guó)之間的對(duì)抗擺在首要位置，與上月白宮發(fā)布的《國(guó)家安全戰(zhàn)略》路線一致，后者將俄羅斯和中國(guó)列為美國(guó)的主要對(duì)手。

A defence official who has read the classified document, a small part of which is due to be released in unclassified form on Friday by defence secretary Jim Mattis, told the Financial Times the US is concerned that America’s chief adversaries are eroding its traditional military advantage.

一名讀過(guò)這份機(jī)密文件的國(guó)防部官員對(duì)英國(guó)《金融時(shí)報(bào)》表示，美國(guó)擔(dān)心主要對(duì)手正在侵蝕自身傳統(tǒng)的軍事優(yōu)勢(shì)。美國(guó)國(guó)防部長(zhǎng)吉姆•馬蒂斯(Jim Mattis)將于周五公布這份文件的一小部分非機(jī)密內(nèi)容。

“As you look at what China and Russia have developed, it is purposefully meant to counter some of our strengths,” the official said. “What the Chinese have done on hypersonics is specifically meant to limit our aircraft carriers.”

“看看中國(guó)和俄羅斯都發(fā)展了什么，他們的目的就是有意要對(duì)抗我們的一些優(yōu)勢(shì)，”上述官員稱(chēng)，“中國(guó)在高超音速方面所做的意在限制我們的航母。”

China has developed a fast-flying ballistic missile that in theory could overwhelm US missile defence systems carried on board its sophisticated aircraft carriers.

中國(guó)已研制出一型飛行速度極快的彈道導(dǎo)彈，理論上可以穿透美國(guó)部署在其先進(jìn)航母上的導(dǎo)彈防御系統(tǒng)。

President Donald Trump has called for one of the “greatest military build-ups in American history” to ensure “nobody is going to mess with us”.

美國(guó)總統(tǒng)唐納德•特朗普(Donald Trump)呼吁進(jìn)行“美國(guó)歷史上最偉大的軍事建設(shè)”之一，以確保“沒(méi)有人會(huì)干擾我們”。

Since the September 11 2001 terrorist attacks on the US, successive administrations have been preoccupied with the threat from Islamist extremism and embroiled in relatively low-tech wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. The Obama administration focused on overcoming Isis as well as a more diffuse range of threats — including China and Russia — in order to “protect the homeland” and “project power”.

自2001年9月11日遭受恐怖襲擊以來(lái)，美國(guó)歷屆政府一直忙于應(yīng)對(duì)伊斯蘭極端主義的威脅，并在伊拉克和阿富汗打了兩場(chǎng)技術(shù)含量較低的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。奧巴馬(Obama)政府聚焦于打擊“伊斯蘭國(guó)”(ISIS)以及應(yīng)對(duì)各種威脅(包括來(lái)自中國(guó)和俄羅斯的威脅)，以“保護(hù)美國(guó)本土”和“投射軍力”。

But officials in the Trump administration argue the US now needs to focus its efforts on larger conventional conflict and modernise its forces in the face of rapid technological advances and an increasingly aggressive posture from China and Russia. Insiders say the new Pentagon focus will bolster calls for increased spending and a White House-backed build-up of military hardware.

但特朗普政府的官員稱(chēng)，面對(duì)日新月異的技術(shù)進(jìn)步和中俄日益咄咄逼人的姿態(tài)，美國(guó)現(xiàn)在需要把精力集中于應(yīng)對(duì)較大規(guī)模的常規(guī)沖突，推動(dòng)軍力現(xiàn)代化。內(nèi)部人士表示，五角大樓新的防務(wù)重點(diǎn)將推高要求增加國(guó)防開(kāi)支、加強(qiáng)白宮支持的軍備建設(shè)的呼聲。

“This document definitely moves beyond [the Obama administration strategy] to very explicitly recognise that we are in an era of great power competition and the two countries that most challenge the US are Russia and China,” said another person familiar with the development of the document.

另一位了解該文件起草過(guò)程的人士表示：“這份文件必然超越(奧巴馬政府國(guó)防戰(zhàn)略)——非常明確地承認(rèn)，我們正處在一個(gè)大國(guó)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的時(shí)代，而對(duì)美國(guó)構(gòu)成最大挑戰(zhàn)的兩個(gè)國(guó)家是俄羅斯和中國(guó)。”

“It tries to put US defences on a more competitive basis given the investments that China and Russia have made,” the second person said, adding the strategy seeks to make the US “more competitive in those areas where China and Russia have invested and sought to exploit asymmetries that are favourable to them.”

“考慮到中國(guó)和俄羅斯的投入，文件試圖讓美國(guó)的防御建立在更具競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的基礎(chǔ)上，”第二位人士表示，并補(bǔ)充說(shuō)，該戰(zhàn)略的意圖是，“在中國(guó)和俄羅斯做了投入、尋求利用對(duì)自身有利的非對(duì)稱(chēng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)手段的領(lǐng)域，增強(qiáng)美國(guó)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力”。

Experts warn that despite America’s superior military inventory — it has eleven large aircraft carriers to China’s two — the Pentagon is increasingly vulnerable to niche capabilities that its adversaries have developed specifically to target the US.

專(zhuān)家們警告稱(chēng)，盡管美國(guó)擁有優(yōu)良的軍事裝備(美國(guó)有11艘大型航母，中國(guó)僅有兩艘)，但五角大樓越來(lái)越容易受到對(duì)手專(zhuān)門(mén)針對(duì)美國(guó)發(fā)展的特定能力的攻擊。

“We could lose the next war we fight,” said David Ochmanek, a former Pentagon official now at the RAND Corporation think-tank and who testified to Congress last year about rapid military advances from Beijing and Moscow.

前五角大樓官員、現(xiàn)在供職于智庫(kù)蘭德公司(RAND Corporation)的戴維•奧切曼尼克(David Ochmanek)稱(chēng)：“我們可能輸?shù)粝乱粓?chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。”他去年曾就北京和莫斯科在軍事上的快速進(jìn)步在美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)作證。

“China and Russia have made great strides fielding [technology] that our forces have never encountered in the post-Cold war era,” he told the FT, citing development of thousands of highly accurate and long-range missile systems that can reach US airbases and foreign fighter jets that could threaten US air superiority.

“中國(guó)和俄羅斯在實(shí)戰(zhàn)(技術(shù))方面取得了巨大進(jìn)步，這是我國(guó)軍隊(duì)在后冷戰(zhàn)時(shí)代從未遇到的，”奧切曼尼克告訴英國(guó)《金融時(shí)報(bào)》，他提到了兩國(guó)已經(jīng)造出了數(shù)千顆可以打到美國(guó)空軍基地的高精度遠(yuǎn)程導(dǎo)彈系統(tǒng)，還有可能威脅美國(guó)空中優(yōu)勢(shì)的外國(guó)戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)。

“With cyber and electronic warfare they can threaten our space-based systems and disrupt our command and control which is the brain of complex modern military operations,” said Mr Ochmanek. “We have basically taken a holiday from keeping pace with electronic threats.”

“通過(guò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)戰(zhàn)和電子戰(zhàn)，他們有可能威脅到我們的天基系統(tǒng)，擾亂我們的指揮和控制，這是復(fù)雜的現(xiàn)代軍事行動(dòng)的大腦。”奧切曼尼克說(shuō)。“在與時(shí)俱進(jìn)應(yīng)對(duì)電子威脅方面，我們可以說(shuō)是休了一個(gè)假。”

US officials are also mindful of minimising casualties in the event of any large conventional war and maintaining what military planners term “overmatch” in a bid to deter adversaries.

美國(guó)官員也考慮在發(fā)生大規(guī)模常規(guī)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)時(shí)最大限度地減少傷亡，并維持軍事規(guī)劃者所說(shuō)的“強(qiáng)勢(shì)”以威懾對(duì)手。

Mr Trump’s proposed budget calls for an increased defence department base budget of $603bn, just 3 per cent more than in 2016 and down from $770bn in 2010 at the peak of the war in Afghanistan.

特朗普提出的預(yù)算案要求將防務(wù)部門(mén)的基礎(chǔ)預(yù)算提高到6030億美元，只比2016年提高3%，少于2010年阿富汗站戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)打得最激烈時(shí)的7700億美元。

Congress has approved an even higher defence budget of $700bn for 2018 but it remains subject to a $549bn spending cap that has yet to be removed as part of overall budget negotiations.

國(guó)會(huì)已經(jīng)批準(zhǔn)了數(shù)額更大的2018年國(guó)防預(yù)算，為7000億美元，但這依然受制于5490億美元的支出上限。作為整體預(yù)算協(xié)商的一部分，這一上限尚未被解除。

Some critics say a military build-up against other big powers could lead to an arms race that only makes war between nuclear-armed powers more likely.

一些批評(píng)人士表示，發(fā)展軍備對(duì)抗其他大國(guó)可能導(dǎo)致軍備競(jìng)賽，這只會(huì)使核大國(guó)之間爆發(fā)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的可能性上升。

Joe Cirincione, president of Ploughshares Fund, a global security foundation that campaigns against weapons build-up, says it is “almost impossible” for China and Russia to close the military gap on the US.

反對(duì)擴(kuò)大軍備的全球安全基金會(huì)犁頭基金會(huì)(Ploughshares Fund)的主席喬•奇林喬內(nèi)(Joe Cirincione)表示，中國(guó)和俄羅斯要在軍事上縮小與美國(guó)的差距“幾乎是不可能的”。

“We spend more on our military than the next ten countries combined, including China and Russia: we have the largest, most capable military force in the world,” said Mr Cirincione, adding that while China is “maybe” about to build its third aircraft carrier it cannot match the fleet of the US, which has 11 large carriers and 9 smaller ones.

“我們的軍費(fèi)要比排在后面的10個(gè)國(guó)家加起來(lái)還多，其中包括中國(guó)和俄羅斯：我們擁有世界上規(guī)模最大、能力最強(qiáng)的軍事力量。”奇林喬內(nèi)說(shuō)，他補(bǔ)充稱(chēng)，就算中國(guó)“可能”要建造第三艘航空母艦，也無(wú)法與擁有11艘大型航母和9艘較小航母的美國(guó)航母艦隊(duì)相比。

“The Russians are working on some interesting new weapons but they don’t come close to the sophistication or quantity of our weapons,” he said.

“俄羅斯人正在研究一些有趣的新武器，但不管是武器的先進(jìn)程度還是數(shù)量，他們都無(wú)法趕上我們，”奇林喬內(nèi)說(shuō)。