中國(guó)留美研究生簽證限制引發(fā)科研界擔(dān)憂

WASHINGTON — President Trump’s confrontation with China is beginning to ripple through American academic and research institutions, as a crackdown on visas for certain Chinese citizens has left the higher education community wondering how it will adapt to the administration’s effort to stop intellectual property theft and slow China’s push for technological supremacy.

華盛頓——特朗普總統(tǒng)與中國(guó)的對(duì)峙已開始波及美國(guó)學(xué)術(shù)和研究機(jī)構(gòu)，政府限制某些中國(guó)公民簽證的做法，讓高等教育界不知該如何適應(yīng)政府阻止知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)盜竊、遏制中國(guó)追求技術(shù)霸權(quán)的行動(dòng)。

Educators and academic groups fear that the additional scrutiny could hinder scientific innovation, alienate talented applicants or intensify aggressions toward Chinese scientists already in the country.

教育工作者和學(xué)術(shù)團(tuán)體擔(dān)心，更多的審查可能會(huì)阻礙科學(xué)創(chuàng)新，讓有才華的申請(qǐng)者怯步，或加劇對(duì)已在美國(guó)的華裔科學(xué)家的打擊。

Academics are already wrestling with the increased attention. At an aerospace conference in Georgia last month, Ella Atkins, a University of Michigan professor, recalled a colleague approaching her with a dilemma.

更多的關(guān)注已經(jīng)讓學(xué)者們疲于應(yīng)對(duì)。上個(gè)月，在佐治亞州的一次航空航天會(huì)議上，密歇根大學(xué)(University of Michigan)教授埃拉·阿特金斯(Ella Atkins)回憶起一位同事就一個(gè)兩難問(wèn)題向她征求意見的事情。

The colleague, an assistant professor at another university, had recently led and submitted a research proposal for a federal grant. But he worried that because he was Chinese, the judges would be biased against his team.

那位同事是另一所大學(xué)的助理教授，最近帶領(lǐng)一個(gè)研究團(tuán)隊(duì)向聯(lián)邦政府提交了一份項(xiàng)目資助申請(qǐng)。但他擔(dān)心評(píng)審者會(huì)對(duì)他的團(tuán)隊(duì)有偏見，因?yàn)樗侨A人。

“He said, ‘I need to figure out how to take myself off as the P.I., the principal investigator, if that’s going to compromise our project’s chances of being accepted,’” Ms. Atkins said, declining to name the academic for fear of jeopardizing his proposal. The professor, she added, was even considering withdrawing from the project completely to avoid holding back his co-researchers.

“他說(shuō)，‘我需要想個(gè)辦法不當(dāng)項(xiàng)目的主要研究者，如果那會(huì)降低我們的項(xiàng)目獲得資助的機(jī)會(huì)的話，’”阿特金斯說(shuō)，由于擔(dān)心損害他的項(xiàng)目申請(qǐng)，她拒絕透露該學(xué)者的姓名。她補(bǔ)充說(shuō)，那位教授甚至考慮徹底退出項(xiàng)目，以避免妨礙他的研究合作者。

It is a sentiment that some, such as Representative Judy Chu, Democrat of California, believe underscores a tone of racism behind the policy change. The restrictions, she said, equate to targeting “an entire ethnic group of people for suspicion that they’re spies for China.”

一些人認(rèn)為，這個(gè)政策變化顯露的情緒突顯了其背后的種族主義色彩。比如，加州民主黨眾議員趙美心(Judy Chu)說(shuō)，這些限制等同于把目標(biāo)指向“一整個(gè)族群的人，懷疑他們都是中國(guó)間諜”。

“I think we should take specific security threats seriously, but each of those threats should be identified by the threat, not by racial groups,” said Ms. Chu, the chairwoman of the Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus.

“我認(rèn)為，我們應(yīng)該認(rèn)真對(duì)待具體的安全威脅，但每個(gè)威脅的判定應(yīng)該以威脅本身為依據(jù)，而不是以種族群體為依據(jù)，”趙美心說(shuō)。她是國(guó)會(huì)亞太裔美國(guó)人黨團(tuán)(Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus)主席。

Since June 11, the State Department has been restricting visas for Chinese graduate students studying in sensitive research fields to one year, with the chance to reapply every year. The move rolls back an Obama-era policy that allowed Chinese citizens to secure five-year student visas.

自6月11日起，美國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)院已把在敏感研究領(lǐng)域?qū)W習(xí)的中國(guó)研究生的簽證有效期限制為一年，這些學(xué)生每年有機(jī)會(huì)重新申請(qǐng)簽證。此舉推翻了奧巴馬時(shí)代允許中國(guó)公民獲得五年學(xué)生簽證的政策。

Le Fang, a Ph.D. student from China studying computer science at the University at Buffalo, locked up a five-year F-1 visa in 2015. But the new policy could hurt his friends whose visas recently expired, he said. They may have to fly back to China to get new visas, and they risk denials partway through their academic career.

在布法羅大學(xué)(University at Buffalo)攻讀計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)的中國(guó)博士生方樂(lè)(音)已在2015年拿到了為期五年的F1簽證。但他說(shuō)，新政策可能會(huì)讓他的朋友們?cè)庋辏麄兊暮炞C最近到期了。他們可能不得不飛回中國(guó)去申請(qǐng)新簽證，在自己的學(xué)業(yè)未完成時(shí)面臨被拒簽的危險(xiǎn)。

“I quite understand the security concern of the possible restriction,” Mr. Fang said, but “most of us never talk about politics and never work with mainland people.”

“我很理解可能的限制背后的安全關(guān)切，”方樂(lè)說(shuō)，“但我們中的大多數(shù)從來(lái)不談?wù)撜危矎牟慌c大陸人合作。”

The American intelligence community, however, has increasingly seen the country’s academic institutions as vulnerable to espionage, in part because they provide a collaborative environment where cutting-edge research and technology are openly handled and developed.

但越來(lái)越多的美國(guó)情報(bào)界人士認(rèn)為，美國(guó)學(xué)術(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)容易遭間諜滲透，部分原因是學(xué)術(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)提供了一種合作的環(huán)境，前沿的研究和技術(shù)在這里是公開運(yùn)作和開發(fā)的。

At a Senate hearing in February, Christopher A. Wray, the F.B.I. director, warned lawmakers of China’s efforts to undermine the United States’ economy and security through “the use of nontraditional collectors, especially in the academic setting.”

在參議院今年2月的一個(gè)聽證會(huì)上，美國(guó)聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局局長(zhǎng)克里斯托弗·雷(Christopher Wray)警告美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)議員說(shuō)，中國(guó)破壞美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)和安全的努力包括通過(guò)“使用非傳統(tǒng)的采集者，特別是學(xué)術(shù)領(lǐng)域的”。

“One of the things we’re trying to do,” Mr. Wray added, “is view the China threat as not just a whole-of-government threat, but a whole-of-society threat on their end. And I think it’s going to take a whole-of-society response by us.”

“我們正在努力做的一件事是，”雷補(bǔ)充說(shuō)，“不僅要把中國(guó)的威脅視為針對(duì)整個(gè)政府的威脅，而且要將其視為他們對(duì)整個(gè)社會(huì)構(gòu)成的威脅。我認(rèn)為，這將需要我們拿出一個(gè)全社會(huì)的響應(yīng)。”

And a White House report last month detailing China’s “economic aggression” criticized recruiting efforts that aim to lure experts, academics and entrepreneurs from abroad to prestigious Chinese research institutions and universities. The National Intelligence Council has accused one such program, the Thousand Talents plan, of facilitating “the legal and illicit transfer of U.S. technology, intellectual property and know-how” to China.

白宮上個(gè)月發(fā)布的一份詳細(xì)報(bào)告描述了中國(guó)的“經(jīng)濟(jì)侵略”，批評(píng)了中國(guó)旨在將海外的專家、學(xué)者和企業(yè)家吸引到中國(guó)知名研究機(jī)構(gòu)和大學(xué)的招聘項(xiàng)目。美國(guó)國(guó)家情報(bào)委員會(huì)(National Intelligence Council)曾指責(zé)這些項(xiàng)目之一的“千人計(jì)劃”，方便了“美國(guó)技術(shù)、知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)和專有技術(shù)(向中國(guó))的合法和非法轉(zhuǎn)讓”。

But Chinese graduate students are largely seeking better opportunities for themselves, said Jenny Lee, a University of Arizona professor who studies international student mobility.

但亞利桑那大學(xué)(University of Arizona)研究國(guó)際學(xué)生流動(dòng)性的教授珍妮·李(Jenny Lee)說(shuō)，中國(guó)研究生在很大程度上是在為自己尋找更好的機(jī)會(huì)。

A National Science Foundation study published last year found that from 2005 to 2015, nearly nine of 10 Chinese students who had earned Ph.D.s intended to remain in the United States.

美國(guó)國(guó)家科學(xué)基金會(huì)(National Science Foundation)去年發(fā)表的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，從2005年到2015年間，在美國(guó)獲得博士學(xué)位的中國(guó)學(xué)生有近90%打算留在美國(guó)。

Ms. Lee said the new restrictions could deter foreign students from enrolling in American universities. “Why would a student be willing to commit to a U.S. degree without a guarantee that they would have a steady visa?” she said.

珍妮·李說(shuō)，新的限制措施可能會(huì)妨礙外國(guó)學(xué)生進(jìn)入美國(guó)大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)。“不保證他們能持續(xù)得到簽證的話，學(xué)生憑什么下決心在美國(guó)攻讀學(xué)位呢?”她說(shuō)。

The policy takes into account only the risks of foreign students studying in the United States, without acknowledging the “incredible positive side,” according to Stephen A. Orlins, the president of the National Committee on U.S.-China Relations.

美中關(guān)系全國(guó)委員會(huì)(National Committee on U.S.-China Relations)會(huì)長(zhǎng)歐倫斯(Stephen A. Orlins)說(shuō)，這種政策只考慮了外國(guó)學(xué)生留學(xué)美國(guó)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，不承認(rèn)其“極大的正面作用”。

One of those benefits, said Yolanda Gil, director of knowledge technologies at the University of Southern California’s Information Sciences Institute, is the supply of talent and innovation that international students provide. 其中的一個(gè)好處是國(guó)際學(xué)生提供了人才和創(chuàng)新，南加州大學(xué)(University of Southern California)信息科學(xué)研究所的知識(shí)技術(shù)主任約蘭達(dá)·吉爾(Yolanda Gil)說(shuō)。

It would be “a great loss,” she said, not to be able to interact with and learn from Chinese graduate students and visiting scholars at research conferences, where they regularly present projects and contribute to larger innovations in artificial intelligence.

她說(shuō)，如果不能在學(xué)術(shù)會(huì)議上與中國(guó)研究生和訪問(wèn)學(xué)者交流、向他們學(xué)習(xí)的話，那將是“一個(gè)巨大的損失”，中國(guó)研究生和訪問(wèn)學(xué)者經(jīng)常在學(xué)術(shù)會(huì)議上報(bào)告自己的研究項(xiàng)目，為人工智能領(lǐng)域的創(chuàng)新做出了很大貢獻(xiàn)。

Another advantage is financial. In 2016, the more than one million international students studying at colleges and universities in the United States contributed $39 billion to the American economy, according to the Institute of International Education. Almost a third of those students were from China.

財(cái)務(wù)方面也有好處。據(jù)國(guó)際教育學(xué)院(Institute of International Education)的數(shù)據(jù)，2016年，在美國(guó)的大學(xué)和學(xué)院就讀的100多萬(wàn)名國(guó)際學(xué)生為美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)貢獻(xiàn)了390億美元。國(guó)際學(xué)生中有近三分之一來(lái)自中國(guó)。

The visa restrictions are the latest example of how Mr. Trump’s hard-line approach to immigration has touched higher education. His ban on travel from certain mostly Muslim nations has raised concerns about scientific research being stifled, and his administration announced in May that it would crack down on international students who overstay their visas. And some experts have cited the country’s uncertain political climate as a reason enrollment of first-time international students declined last fall.

高等教育深受特朗普在移民問(wèn)題上的強(qiáng)硬立場(chǎng)影響，簽證限制是這一點(diǎn)的最新例證。特朗普針對(duì)一些主要以穆斯林為主的國(guó)家的旅行禁令已經(jīng)引發(fā)了人們對(duì)科學(xué)研究受到壓制的擔(dān)憂。他的政府還在今年5月宣布，將嚴(yán)懲那些簽證過(guò)期后滯留美國(guó)的留學(xué)生。一些專家將美國(guó)不確定的政治氣候作為去年秋季首次來(lái)美念書的國(guó)際學(xué)生人數(shù)下降的原因。

The shift is also another setback in the United States’ relationship with China, coming amid a trade fight between Washington and Beijing that shows no signs of abating. The Trump administration has said the tariffs it has imposed on $34 billion worth of Chinese goods are necessary to curb the unfair trade practices and intellectual property theft that threaten the United States’ economy and national security.

簽證政策改變的同時(shí)，華盛頓與北京的貿(mào)易較量沒有任何緩和跡象，此舉是美中關(guān)系受挫的又一表現(xiàn)。特朗普政府說(shuō)，為遏制不公平的貿(mào)易以及威脅美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)和國(guó)家安全的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)盜竊行為，有必要對(duì)價(jià)值340億美元的中國(guó)商品加征關(guān)稅。

Details about the visa restrictions remain murky. At a June 6 Senate hearing, Edward J. Ramotowski, the deputy assistant secretary for visa services at the State Department, confirmed that new screening instructions were given to American embassies and consulates “to deal with certain individuals from China.”

簽證限制的細(xì)節(jié)仍然模糊。在6月6日的參議院聽證會(huì)上，美國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)院負(fù)責(zé)簽證事務(wù)的副助理國(guó)務(wù)卿愛德華·J·拉莫托夫斯基(Edward J. Ramotowski)證實(shí)，美國(guó)大使館和領(lǐng)事館已收到“針對(duì)中國(guó)某些個(gè)人”的新的審查操作指南。

He did not disclose which areas of study would be subject to additional scrutiny, but The Associated Press has reported that the restrictions focus on robotics, aviation and high-tech manufacturing — areas where China has pushed to bolster its presence in the global market. The Bureau of Consular Affairs declined to comment on the specifics of the changes.

雖然他沒有透露哪些研究領(lǐng)域?qū)⑹艿竭M(jìn)一步的審查，但美聯(lián)社報(bào)道稱，新的限制主要針對(duì)機(jī)器人、航空和高技術(shù)制造業(yè)，中國(guó)一直在全球市場(chǎng)上努力擴(kuò)大自己在這些領(lǐng)域的影響力。領(lǐng)事事務(wù)局(Bureau of Consular Affairs)拒絕就這些變化的細(xì)節(jié)發(fā)表評(píng)論。

The American Council on Education has questioned how the policy will be carried out, said Terry Hartle, a senior vice president at the organization. Would someone taking a course in aviation, for example, be vetted the same way as someone majoring in the subject?

美國(guó)教育委員會(huì)(American Council on Education)對(duì)如何實(shí)施這項(xiàng)政策一直有疑問(wèn)，委員會(huì)高級(jí)副會(huì)長(zhǎng)特里·哈特爾(Terry Hartle)說(shuō)。比如，選修一門航空學(xué)課程的學(xué)生，會(huì)受到與主修該專業(yè)的學(xué)生一樣的審查嗎?

“We called the Department of Homeland Security the day it was announced and said, ‘Can we talk about this?’ And they said, ‘Sure, we can, but we’re reading about it the same way you are, so we got to figure it out ourselves,’” he said.

“我們?cè)趪?guó)土安全部宣布這一政策的當(dāng)天打電話問(wèn)他們，‘我們能討論一下這件事嗎?’他們說(shuō)，‘當(dāng)然可以，但我們看到的東西跟你們看到的一樣，所以我們得自己琢磨這是什么意思，’”哈特爾說(shuō)。

With the contours of the policy still unclear, educators and researchers are trying to assess how it will affect the way they work.

由于政策的輪廓仍不清晰，教育工作者和研究人員們正在試圖評(píng)估政策將如何影響他們的工作方式。

Trevor Darrell, a director of the Berkeley Artificial Intelligence Research laboratory, said that the restrictions would be “a significant and unfortunate inconvenience for many group members,” but that they would not “fundamentally change” the lab’s ability to do research.

伯克利人工智能研究實(shí)驗(yàn)室(Berkeley Artificial Intelligence Research laboratory)主任特雷弗·達(dá)雷爾(Trevor Darrell)說(shuō)，這些限制措施會(huì)“給許多團(tuán)隊(duì)成員帶來(lái)巨大的、令人遺憾的不便”，但不會(huì)“從根本上改變”其實(shí)驗(yàn)室開展研究的能力。

Others fear the policy could have a bigger impact.

其他人則擔(dān)心政策可能產(chǎn)生更大的影響。

The American science, technology, engineering and math community, particularly at top-tier universities, heavily relies on foreign applicants to bolster its research, said Richard M. Voyles, director of the Purdue Robotics Accelerator.

普渡機(jī)器人加速器(Purdue Robotics Accelerator)項(xiàng)目主管理查德·M·沃義爾斯(Richard M. Voyles)說(shuō)，美國(guó)的科學(xué)、技術(shù)、工程和數(shù)學(xué)等領(lǐng)域的研究嚴(yán)重依賴外國(guó)的申請(qǐng)者，尤其是在一流大學(xué)里。

Finding qualified students to replace the Chinese researchers in his lab would prove particularly challenging, Mr. Voyles said. “I have an extremely hard time getting even one American to apply to my lab,” he said.

沃義爾斯說(shuō)，找到能取代他實(shí)驗(yàn)室里的中國(guó)研究人員的合格學(xué)生，將是十分困難的。“找到一個(gè)申請(qǐng)我實(shí)驗(yàn)室的美國(guó)人都很困難，”他說(shuō)。

But Yangyang Cheng, a Chinese particle physicist and postdoctoral research associate at Cornell University, suspects that more common than researchers being deterred from attending American universities will be researchers returning home soon after earning a degree — a “self-inflicted wound” that only furthers China’s technological and military ambitions.

但是，康奈爾大學(xué)(Cornell University)的中國(guó)博士后、從事粒子物理研究的程洋洋(音)懷疑，受新政策影響更多的將是在美國(guó)獲得學(xué)位后不久就回國(guó)的研究人員，而不是要來(lái)美國(guó)念書的人，這種“自傷”只會(huì)助長(zhǎng)中國(guó)在技術(shù)和軍事方面的野心。

“Home as in still China, because they would see that the U.S. would never see them as one of their own,” Ms. Cheng said, “that they’re spies, guilty until proven innocent.”

“他們的家仍在中國(guó)，因?yàn)樗麄儠?huì)看到，美國(guó)永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)把他們視為自身社會(huì)的一員，”程洋洋說(shuō)，“他們會(huì)被視為間諜，被做了有罪推定。”