知乎：有哪些秘密只有心理學(xué)家才知道?

What are some things that psychologists know, but most people don't?

哪些事心理學(xué)家知道，普通人卻不知道?

獲得1460好評(píng)的回答@ Anita Sanz：

You don't really know how happy or sad something is going to make you in the future, even though you think you do right now. Put another way, psychologists know that most people are very bad at being able to predict how they will respond to positive or negative events in the future.

即使你認(rèn)為你現(xiàn)在做的很好，你也不會(huì)知道將來(lái)會(huì)有什么讓你開(kāi)心或傷心的事。換言之，心理學(xué)家知道，大多數(shù)人不擅長(zhǎng)預(yù)知將來(lái)他們?cè)谟龅椒e極或消極的事件時(shí)會(huì)如何應(yīng)對(duì)。

Most happiness researchers (like Dr. Dan Gilbert) believe that there is a "happiness set point" for most people, and regardless of positive events (winning the lottery) or negative events (losing your home), a person will generally settle back to their own personal happiness set point, which may be higher than some or lower than some.

大部分研究幸福心理學(xué)的人(如丹尼爾•吉爾伯特)認(rèn)為，對(duì)大多數(shù)人來(lái)說(shuō)，有一個(gè)“固定的幸福水平”，不管是發(fā)生積極的事(彩票)還是消極的事(失去你的家)，一個(gè)人通常會(huì)回到他們自己原來(lái)的幸福水平上，或許高一點(diǎn)也或許低一點(diǎn)。

If the happiness set point explains why people can't predict what will make them happy or sad, other psychologists, like Dr. Martin Seligman, suggest that in order to be happier, you have to try to nudge your set point up a point or two.

即使幸福的設(shè)定點(diǎn)解釋了為什么人們不能預(yù)測(cè)什么會(huì)使自己快樂(lè)或悲傷，其他心理學(xué)家，如Martin Seligman博士建議，為了變得更加快樂(lè)，你必須盡力讓你的平均幸福水平提升一點(diǎn)。

I continually work with my clients (and remind myself, as well) that happiness is most likely to be found in this moment, not in any future one regardless of happy plans, goals, and dreams being pursued. And imagining future catastrophes turns this moment into an unhappy one, perhaps more negative than it would actually be if the catastrophe were to actually occur.

我常與我的客戶一起工作(并且也提醒自己)，不管你有沒(méi)有計(jì)劃、目標(biāo)或是正在追尋的夢(mèng)想，幸福最有可能發(fā)生在這一刻，而不是在未來(lái)的某一天。想象未來(lái)可能發(fā)生的災(zāi)難會(huì)讓此刻變得不愉快，如果災(zāi)難真的發(fā)生的話，也許會(huì)更加消極。

獲得810好評(píng)的回答@ Ali Alkhatib：

Stereotype threat is a fascinating phenomenon in psychology which describes underperformance among minority groups based on self-perceived stereotypes.

刻板印象威脅是心理學(xué)中描述了基于自我刻板印象的少數(shù)群體表現(xiàn)不佳的一個(gè)有趣的現(xiàn)象。

What this means is that, if you're part of a minority which you know is typically not perceived to be adept in a certain field, you will do worse than otherwise identical peers who are unaffected by stereotype threat (people not in that minority group).

這意味著，如果你是這少數(shù)人中的一份子，并且你知道這個(gè)群體在某一領(lǐng)域并不擅長(zhǎng)，你會(huì)比其他沒(méi)意識(shí)到這一點(diǎn)的同輩(不在該少數(shù)群體中)變現(xiàn)得更差。

There have been some studies which have demonstrated tactics to overcome stereotype threat. The first step is education about stereotype threat itself. Make students aware that this is a psychological effect and that this nonsense about Black people being worse at Math or Asians being worse at writing is bogus.

已經(jīng)有一些研究提出了克服刻板印象威脅的策略。第一步是關(guān)于刻板印象威脅本身的教育。讓學(xué)生意識(shí)到這是一種心理效應(yīng)，那些關(guān)于黑人在數(shù)學(xué)上表現(xiàn)更糟或亞洲人書(shū)寫更差的說(shuō)法是錯(cuò)誤的。

But evidence suggests that this only has a temporary effect. To get long-term results, make the student internalize the content surrounding stereotype threat; make them reflect on the content and write about it.

但有證據(jù)表明，這只是暫時(shí)的影響。要獲得長(zhǎng)期的成果，就要使學(xué)生內(nèi)化有關(guān)刻板印象威脅的內(nèi)容;讓他們進(jìn)行反思再寫下來(lái)。

獲得441好評(píng)的回答@ Brian Newton：

EMDR - A therapy wherein people use a systemic process of alternate tapping or using a prompt to move the eyes back and forth while vividly recalling traumatic memories. It's theorized that the left/right alternating motion encourages the brain to more thoroughly integrate unprocessed memories.

眼動(dòng)身心重建法---在回憶有創(chuàng)傷的記憶時(shí)，人們系統(tǒng)地交替輕拍或快速來(lái)回轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)眼睛的治療方法。它認(rèn)為，目光左右移動(dòng)能讓大腦更徹底地加速記憶處理的速度。

Tourette Syndrome - Is not just yelling out swear words. It does however involve impulses which are very difficult for the person to suppress.

抽動(dòng)穢語(yǔ)綜合征-不只是喊著罵人的話。然而，它確實(shí)包含沖動(dòng)的成分，而這種沖動(dòng)非常難壓制。

Bipolar disorder - Is not someone simply being moody. Full blown (Bipolar I) disorder requires the presence of a Manic episode, which is very intense and can be so extreme as to involve hallucinations.

躁郁癥-不是簡(jiǎn)單的喜怒無(wú)常。在癥狀展現(xiàn)出來(lái)時(shí)，躁狂會(huì)發(fā)作，這是非常激烈的，也很極端，涉及幻覺(jué)。

ADHD - Is simply a description of a set of symptoms. It is split into Hyperactive Symptoms and Inattentive symptoms. There are MANY other reasons someone can have a hard time focusing, including things like anxiety and depression.

多動(dòng)癥-僅僅是一組癥狀的描述。它的癥狀表現(xiàn)為分為多動(dòng)癥狀和注意力不集中。有許多原因?qū)е伦⒁饬﹄y以集中，這些原因中包括焦慮和抑郁。

Anorexia Nervosa - Can exist in Men, and actually can take the form of excessive exercise or bodybuilding.

神經(jīng)性厭食癥-可發(fā)生于男人身上，實(shí)際上可以通過(guò)大量運(yùn)動(dòng)或健身的形式來(lái)改善。

People naturally give preference to information which confirms their biases.

人們通常偏愛(ài)可以證實(shí)他們的觀點(diǎn)信息。