背誦為王第四冊(cè)第50課
- 聽(tīng)力原文
- 參考譯文
論中產(chǎn)階級(jí)的起源
商人階層的出現(xiàn)與市鎮(zhèn)和貿(mào)易的發(fā)展緊密相關(guān)；也就是說(shuō)他們與中世紀(jì)歐洲文明中最有活力的因素和反對(duì)其所處的封建環(huán)境的因素有關(guān)聯(lián)。這種因素不僅產(chǎn)生新的財(cái)富，而且產(chǎn)生新的制度。封建制度在一個(gè)商人和手工業(yè)社會(huì)中很難發(fā)揮作用，因?yàn)樗鼈冊(cè)诶碚撋暇蜎](méi)有合適的位置。然而封建領(lǐng)主尋求市鎮(zhèn)的支持來(lái)反對(duì)國(guó)王，國(guó)王則尋求市民和他們的財(cái)富的支持以對(duì)抗這些勢(shì)力強(qiáng)大的臣民。他們給予市鎮(zhèn)特許狀和特權(quán)。環(huán)繞中世紀(jì)城市的城墻通常是市鎮(zhèn)豁免權(quán)的象征和保證。一條德國(guó)諺語(yǔ)說(shuō)“市鎮(zhèn)里的空氣讓你自由”。市鎮(zhèn)和自治體里的行會(huì)是長(zhǎng)時(shí)期孤立于一個(gè)不自由的世界里的自由人的協(xié)會(huì)組織。商人&&資產(chǎn)階級(jí)，自治城鎮(zhèn)的居民&&是在一個(gè)無(wú)獨(dú)立的世界里捍衛(wèi)自己利益的人。
時(shí)至今日，前英國(guó)首相瑪格麗特撒切爾在提到“保姆國(guó)家”傾向于鼓勵(lì)人們的依賴性而帶來(lái)的危險(xiǎn)時(shí)，重新提到了這一新中產(chǎn)階級(jí)的突出特征。
Lesson50 On the Origin of Middle Class
The rise of the merchant class was intimately linked with the growth of towns and trade; that is to say that they were linked with the most dynamic element in medieval European civilization and one hostile to its feudal setting. It was an element which not only produced new wealth but new institutions. Feudal institutions did not work easily in a society of tradesmen and craftsmen for which they had no adequate theoretical place. Yet feudal lords sought the support of towns against kings and kings sought the support of townsmen and their wealth against overmighty subjects. They gave towns charters and privileges. The walls which surrounded the medieval city were often the symbol and guarantee of its immunity. #The air of a town makes you free# said a German proverb. The communes and within them the guilds were associations of free men for a long time isolated in a world unfree. The burgher - the bourgeois, the dweller in bourg or borough - was a man who stood up for himself in a universe of dependence.This salient characteristic of the new middle class is echoed today by the former British Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher, when she refers to the danger posed by a "nanny state" in its propensity to encourage dependency among the population.
medieval 中世紀(jì)的
feudal 封建制度的
overmighty 有勢(shì)力過(guò)于強(qiáng)大的
guild (中世紀(jì)的)行會(huì)
burgher 公民；市民
bourgeois 資產(chǎn)階級(jí)
bourg 市鎮(zhèn)
borough 自治的市鎮(zhèn)
salient 突出的
nanny state 保姆國(guó)家
propensity 傾向
The rise of the merchant class was intimately linked with the growth of towns and trade; that is to say that they were linked with the most dynamic element in medieval European civilization and one hostile to its feudal setting. It was an element which not only produced new wealth but new institutions. Feudal institutions did not work easily in a society of tradesmen and craftsmen for which they had no adequate theoretical place. Yet feudal lords sought the support of towns against kings and kings sought the support of townsmen and their wealth against overmighty subjects. They gave towns charters and privileges. The walls which surrounded the medieval city were often the symbol and guarantee of its immunity. #The air of a town makes you free# said a German proverb. The communes and within them the guilds were associations of free men for a long time isolated in a world unfree. The burgher - the bourgeois, the dweller in bourg or borough - was a man who stood up for himself in a universe of dependence.This salient characteristic of the new middle class is echoed today by the former British Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher, when she refers to the danger posed by a "nanny state" in its propensity to encourage dependency among the population.
medieval 中世紀(jì)的
feudal 封建制度的
overmighty 有勢(shì)力過(guò)于強(qiáng)大的
guild (中世紀(jì)的)行會(huì)
burgher 公民；市民
bourgeois 資產(chǎn)階級(jí)
bourg 市鎮(zhèn)
borough 自治的市鎮(zhèn)
salient 突出的
nanny state 保姆國(guó)家
propensity 傾向
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