The unique Russian steam bath
In A.D.946,the Russian Grand Duke Igor was killed by the Delieflians.In the second year,his wife Oligathought out a brilliant plan to avenge1) her husband.She invited those murderers to take a bath in a bathroom,locked the door and added fuel to the fire to increase the heat of the room,so that those inside were steamed to death.This historical record shows that there were steam baths in Russia as early as a thousand years ago.
We can’ t tell the exact time when the Russian steam bath first appeared.It is said there were written records of steam baths since Russian history began.
Many nations of the world had the habit of taking steam bath in the old days.In the Orient2),there were the Persians,the Japanese and the Turks.In Europe,there were the Romans,the Irish and the Finns.But the Russian steam bath was quite different from others’.People not only steam themselves,but also whip their bodies with twigs3).Then they washed their bodies with cold water.That used to amaze a lot of foreigners.When the Russian Tsar Peter the Great visited France,his residence was provided with a steam bathroom specially for the Russian visitors.The Parisians were amazed to see a crowd of naked males rushing out with shouts and cheers from the bathroom and dive into the icy 4)Seine River.They ducked their heads into the water again and again,and then went back to the bathroom.
Not only the way to have a Russian steam bath is unique,the installations of the bath room are also unique.
In some areas in Russia,people used stoves both for cooking and for heating up the bath water,so the chamber of the stove was very big,enough to hold one or even two persons.Before taking a bath,they cleaned the stove floor with a broom,then put the dust into a bucket of water and stirred it.When the water cleared up,there would be a layer of liquid called“dust juice”on the surface,which people substituted for soap in old days when soap was very expensive.
A Russian steam bathroom was compose d of two separate log cabins.One was the change room,t he other was the steam bathroom.There was a rectangular5) brick stove with a boiler beside which people put some small round stones.When the water was boiling,the stones would also be heated.Then people would pour some hot water over the stones and the room would be filled with steam.There was no chimney in the room,so the walls and ceiling were blackened by smoke with the passage of time .People lay on a long bench with steps beside the stove.They got steamed and whipped every part of their bodies with tender white birch twigs.Because of the intense heat,they would pour cold water over their bodies to cool down.During winter,some people preferred to rub their bodies with snow or dip in ice holes.They would return to the bathroom and get steamed again after they had got cooled.They would repeat this procedure several times.
Steam bath was very prevalent in Tsarist days.At the beginning of 19th century,there were 80public bathrooms in Moscow.Most Russian people took one or two baths every week.common people spent two kopecks6) to have a bath in the public bathroom.That was not a small sum in those days.Aristocrats7) had their own luxurious private bathroom built with marbles,some of which were imported specially from Italy.There were also some public bathrooms for the aristocrats.The most famous one was Shendulov Bathroom which was set up and managed by palace comedians Mr.and Mrs.Shendulov in 1806.It’ s admission ticket was very expensive.The cost for four baths was equal to the price of a cow.
Though most modern dwelling houses a re equipped with bathrooms nowadays,the steam bath i s still very popular.The Shendulov bathroom still remain s today and is open to public.Out of curiosity many people wish to enjoy the aristocratic steam bath.They have to line up for admission.
The steam bath is very beneficial to people’s health.It can accelerate blood circulation an d metabolism8),enhance the activity of the respiratory9) system and cardiac muscles and preventflu.It is also good for the skin.
獨(dú)特的俄羅斯蒸汽浴
公元946年,俄國(guó)的大公伊戈?duì)柋坏铝蟹蚶踩藲⒑?。次年,他的妻子奧列加想出了一條妙計(jì)為丈夫報(bào)仇。她請(qǐng)那些殺害她丈夫的兇手進(jìn)一間浴室洗澡,接著就把他們鎖在里面,點(diǎn)火加熱那間浴室的溫度,將室內(nèi)的人活活蒸死。這一歷史記載說明,早在1000年前俄國(guó)就有蒸汽浴了。
俄國(guó)的蒸汽浴究竟始于何時(shí),至今不清楚。據(jù)說,自有俄國(guó)歷史起,就有關(guān)于俄羅斯蒸汽浴的文字記載。
世界上許多民族過去都有洗蒸汽浴的習(xí)慣,例如東方的波斯人、日本人和土耳其人,歐洲的羅馬人、愛爾蘭人和芬蘭人。但是俄羅斯人的蒸汽浴卻與眾不同,洗澡的人不僅蒸洗,還要用樹枝敲打身子;蒸洗后,還要用冷水洗一下全身。這一做法曾使許多外國(guó)人感到驚訝。沙皇彼得大帝訪問法國(guó)時(shí),在巴黎為他準(zhǔn)備的下榻處專門有一間蒸汽浴室,供來訪的俄國(guó)人洗蒸汽浴。當(dāng)時(shí)巴黎人驚訝地看到一群赤身裸體的男子由屋里跑出來?yè)硐蛉{河邊,高興地呼喊著跳入冰河。他們一次次地把頭鉆入河中,然后上岸再回到屋里去。
俄國(guó)的蒸汽浴不僅洗法獨(dú)特,它的浴室設(shè)備也非同一般。
在俄國(guó)一些地區(qū),人們不僅用爐子來燒飯,而且還用來燒洗澡水。因此,爐膛很大,能容得下一個(gè)人,甚至兩個(gè)人。在洗澡前,先用掃帚把爐子下面掃干凈,把塵土和煤屑掃入桶內(nèi)用水浸泡,然后攪拌它,等到水澄清,水面上有一層液體叫“灰汁”。在從前肥皂十分昂貴的時(shí)候,人們就用這種“灰汁”當(dāng)肥皂擦洗身子。
俄國(guó)的蒸汽浴室一般是由兩間隔開的木屋組成:一間是更衣室,一間是蒸洗室。蒸洗室內(nèi)有一個(gè)帶鍋的長(zhǎng)方形磚爐,在鍋旁放有一些小圓石。當(dāng)鍋里的水燒熱時(shí),石頭也被燒熱,這時(shí)往石頭上澆一些熱水,使屋內(nèi)產(chǎn)生熱蒸汽。浴室沒有煙囪,因此,天長(zhǎng)日久,墻壁和屋頂被熏成黑色。洗澡的人躺在爐子邊的一條有踏板的長(zhǎng)凳上,受蒸汽熏,同時(shí)用嫩綠的白樺樹枝敲打身體的各個(gè)部位。在這種蒸汽浴室里溫度較高,為了涼快一點(diǎn),擦洗完身子后,就用冷水澆身。冬天有些人喜歡用雪擦身或者在冰窟窿中洗。感到?jīng)隹旌?,再回到浴室中蒸洗一?huì)兒,這樣來回重復(fù)幾次。
在沙皇時(shí)代蒸汽浴非常普遍。19世紀(jì)初,在莫斯科已經(jīng)有80家公共浴室。大部分俄國(guó)人每星期至少洗一次或者兩次。那時(shí)普通老百姓是在一般公共浴室洗,洗一次要花2個(gè)戈比,這個(gè)數(shù)目在當(dāng)時(shí)并不算少。貴族們都有豪華講究的私人浴室。那些浴室是用大理石砌成,有的大理石是專門從意大利運(yùn)來的。除了私人的貴族浴室外,也有公共的貴族浴室,最著名的是1806年宮廷喜劇演員申杜洛夫夫婦營(yíng)造的申杜洛夫浴室。到這種浴室洗澡的票價(jià)十分昂貴,洗4次澡的錢就可買一頭奶牛。
現(xiàn)在,雖然大部分的現(xiàn)代化住宅都帶有洗澡間,但是蒸汽浴仍然十分普遍。那個(gè)申杜洛夫貴族浴室還保留至今并公開營(yíng)業(yè)。不少人懷著好奇心都想去享受一番貴族的蒸汽浴。他們還得排隊(duì)等候才能購(gòu)得一票。
蒸汽浴對(duì)人的健康十分有益。它能促進(jìn)血液循環(huán)和新陳代謝,增強(qiáng)呼吸系統(tǒng)和心肌的活動(dòng)能力,防治感冒,對(duì)皮膚也有益處。
NOTE 注釋:
1. avenge [E5vendV] vt. 為...報(bào)復(fù), 報(bào)仇
2. orient [5C:riEnt] n. 東方, 東方諸國(guó)(指地中海以東各國(guó))
3. twig [twi^] n. 嫩枝, 小枝, 末梢
4. icy [5aisi] adj. 冰冷的, 冷淡的, 蓋著冰的
5. rectangular [rek5tAN^julE] adj. 矩形的, 成直角的
6. kopeck [5kEupek] n. 蘇聯(lián)小銅板, 貨幣單位
7. aristocrat [5AristEkrAt] n. 貴族
8. metabolism [me5tAbElizEm] n. 新陳代謝
9. respiratory [ris5paiErEtEri] adj. 呼吸的