The Pivotal1) Figure In the Decoding2) of The Human Genome3)
Bill Clinton and Tony Blair linked up by satellite on June 26to announce the completion of the first draft of the human genome.Even when the hype is discounted,decoding the 3bn chemical“letters”of the genome is likely to have a huge impact on science,medicine and our perception of what it means to be human.Although thousands of scientists in dozens of laboratories around the world share credit for the achievement,one individual can be singled out for recognition:Craig Venter.
Dr.Venter,president of Celera,the US genomics company,may represent just one side of the race between the private and public efforts to decode the book of life.But no one stands out in the same way among the leaders of the public Human Genome Project.The controversial4) Californian has made vital contributions to the whole enterprise,and his competitive pressure spurred on the public project.
That is certainly his view.“I have been the catalyst for making everything happen on the [fastest possible] time course,”he says.“Some of my worst critics have said I only speeded things up by a year――and even that would have biomedical5) research――while the most optimistic6) ones have said I made 10years’ difference.”
Some leaders of the public project are happy to acknowledge Dr.Venter’ s contribution.Trevor Hawkins,director of the US Joint Genome Institute,says:“The fact that we are sitting here with a completed draft genome is100percent due to Craig and his bold initiative of introducing gene sequencing on an industrial scale,with hundreds of machines working round the c lock.”
Celera Genomics was founded in May 1998as a subsidiary of Perkin-Elmer,the scientific instruments company.(Since then Perkin-Elmer has changed name twice,first to PE and then to Applera.)Equipped with one of the world’ s most powerful civil super-computer facilities and 300of the latest gene sequencing machines from PE’s Applied Biosystems subsidiary7),Dr .Venter set up shop close to the National Institutes of Health(NIH)in Bethesda,Maryland――the federally funded research campus where he had started his career in genomics.
Celera’ s stated goal was“to substantially complete the sequencing of the human genome ”in 2001.The public Human Genome Project,funded mainly by the US government and Britain’s Wellcome Trust,the world’s richest research charity,was then still aiming for the original completion date of 2005,set when the programme had started 10years earlier.
The leaders of the public programme――alarmed at the prospect of a private company gaining patent8) rights to so much genetic information――promptly accelerated their schedule;in September 1998they promised a “working draft”of the genome by 2001.But Celera was working even faster than expected and by the end of 1999it was clear that the company might complete its own draft by mid-2000.
Both sides were then becoming concerned about the damage being done to their image by the increasingly vituperative9) race between them.They discussed a collaboration but the talks foundered because the public project’s commitment to immediate open access to all DNA sequences was irreconcilable10) with Celera’s commercial need to retain intellectual property rights over its data.
The bickering11) resumed early in 2000,although the two sides patched up their differences sufficiently to soak up the politicians’ plaudits together at the genome completion ceremony in June.
In retrospect,however,Dr.Venter sees that all the publicity about the“race to the genome ”has brought benefits,too.“On my travels this year I have seen how fascinated people are by this〖genetic〗information,and my view is that the human competition was a primary reason why they became interested.It had all the elements of melodrama you could want.”
In scientific terms,Dr.Venter has made two main contributions to gene discovery.
In conversation with Dr.Venter it becomes clear that his primary motivation is scientific discovery,rather than making millions of dollars or even deriving medical benefits from genomics.He says:“The biggest thrill in life is making scientific breakthroughs.No other reward can compare with that satisfaction.”
□by Clive Cookson
克瑞格·溫特破譯人類(lèi)基因組的關(guān)鍵人物
(2000年)6月26日,比爾·克林頓和托尼·布萊爾通過(guò)衛(wèi)星聯(lián)合宣布人類(lèi)基因組第一份框架圖已完成。就在人們對(duì)宣傳將信將疑之際,破譯人類(lèi)基因組30億個(gè)化學(xué)“字母”的密碼可能對(duì)科學(xué)、醫(yī)學(xué)以及對(duì)人類(lèi)的觀念帶來(lái)巨大的沖擊。雖然全世界數(shù)十個(gè)研究機(jī)構(gòu)的數(shù)千名科學(xué)家共享了這一重大成果的榮譽(yù),但是其中一個(gè)人卻是功勞卓著。他就是克瑞格·溫特。
溫特博士是美國(guó)賽萊拉基因組公司總裁,是在破譯生命之書(shū)的私營(yíng)與公家競(jìng)賽中獨(dú)擋一面的私方代表人。相比之下,公家一方的人類(lèi)基因組計(jì)劃領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人中,根本找不出一個(gè)如此出類(lèi)拔萃之人。這位加利福尼亞人,是個(gè)備受爭(zhēng)議的人;但他對(duì)揭示人類(lèi)基因組密碼的全部事業(yè)做出了無(wú)可替代的貢獻(xiàn)。由他產(chǎn)生的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)壓力刺激了公家研究工作的進(jìn)展。
這無(wú)疑是他的觀點(diǎn):“我一直在扮演催化劑的作用,即在盡可能短的時(shí)間內(nèi)(以最快速度)促成一切事物”。他說(shuō),“一些最?lèi)憾镜呐u(píng)我的人說(shuō),我只不過(guò)把事情進(jìn)展的速度加快了一年---甚至對(duì)生物醫(yī)學(xué)的研究也是如此---而最樂(lè)觀的批評(píng)者則說(shuō),我之所為造成了10年的差距。”
公共項(xiàng)目的一些領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人倒是樂(lè)意承認(rèn)溫特博士的貢獻(xiàn)。美國(guó)聯(lián)合基因組研究所主任特雷弗·霍金斯說(shuō):“事實(shí)上,我們今天坐在這里手拿已完成的基因組框架圖,百分之百應(yīng)歸功于克瑞格,和他首次大膽地把工業(yè)化規(guī)模引進(jìn)到基因測(cè)序中,而且是幾百臺(tái)機(jī)器不分晝夜地連軸干。”
賽萊拉基因組公司作為伯金艾爾莫科學(xué)儀器公司的附屬公司成立于1998年5月。(此后伯金艾爾莫兩次易名;開(kāi)始改為PE,后來(lái)改為阿普萊拉。)得到世界最強(qiáng)大民用超級(jí)電腦設(shè)備的裝備,和PE應(yīng)用生物系統(tǒng)附屬公司提供的300臺(tái)最先進(jìn)的基因測(cè)序機(jī)器。溫特博士把工作間建在位于馬里蘭州貝塞斯達(dá)的全國(guó)衛(wèi)生研究所附近---該研究所是由聯(lián)邦政府出資的研究機(jī)構(gòu),他就是在那里開(kāi)始了其基因研究生涯。
賽萊拉稱它的目標(biāo)是在2001年“真正完成人類(lèi)基因組測(cè)序工作”。而在10年前啟動(dòng)的公共人類(lèi)基因組項(xiàng)目---主要由美國(guó)政府與英國(guó)維爾考姆信托基金(世界上最富有的研究贊助機(jī)構(gòu))出資贊助,當(dāng)時(shí)仍然將他們的計(jì)劃完成日期定在2005年。
公共項(xiàng)目的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者們對(duì)一家私人公司打算將那么多遺傳信息申請(qǐng)專利,感到驚慌失措。于是,他們加快了他們的進(jìn)程。1998年9月,他們承諾到2001年可以拿出基因組“研究草圖”。然而,賽萊拉的工作進(jìn)程比預(yù)期的更快。到1999年底情況已經(jīng)很清楚,這家公司可能在2000年中期完成它的草圖。
于是,雙方開(kāi)始擔(dān)憂彼此不斷升級(jí)的相互指責(zé)會(huì)損害各自的形象。他們協(xié)商合作。但是,協(xié)商失敗。因?yàn)楣岔?xiàng)目組要求立即開(kāi)放所有DNA測(cè)序方法,這與賽萊拉控制資料想獲取知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的商業(yè)需求構(gòu)成不可調(diào)和的矛盾。
就這樣,2000年初又恢復(fù)爭(zhēng)吵,盡管在6月雙方充分彌和了分歧以響應(yīng)政治家們的撮合---共同出席了完成基因組發(fā)布會(huì)。
然而,回過(guò)頭一想,溫特博士發(fā)現(xiàn)“基因組揭秘競(jìng)賽”的宣傳也有好處。“這一年里在我所到之處,我發(fā)現(xiàn)人們對(duì)有關(guān)遺傳的信息是那么的著迷。在我看來(lái),人類(lèi)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)是他們感興趣的根本原因。這其中你可以找到你想要看的情節(jié)緊張劇中的一切要素。”
從科學(xué)角度上看,溫特博士在基因發(fā)現(xiàn)中做出了兩大貢獻(xiàn)。
在與溫特博士的談話期間,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)事情已很清楚,他的原始動(dòng)機(jī)是為了科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn),絕不是為了賺大把大把的美鈔。或從基因組學(xué)中撈到醫(yī)學(xué)方面的好處。他說(shuō):“人生最大的快慰莫過(guò)于科學(xué)突破,沒(méi)有什么獎(jiǎng)賞能與之相比。”
NOTE 注釋:
pivotal [5pivEtEl] adj. 樞軸的, 關(guān)鍵的
decoding [di5kEudiN] n. 譯碼, 解碼
genome [5dVi:nEum] n. [生]基因組,染色體組
controversial [7kCntrE5vE:FEl] adj. 爭(zhēng)論的, 爭(zhēng)議的
biomedical [7baiEu5medikEl] adj. 生物(學(xué)和)醫(yī)學(xué)的
optimistic [7Cpti5mistik] adj. 樂(lè)觀的
subsidiary [sEb5sidjEri] adj. 輔助的, 補(bǔ)充的
patent [5peitEnt, 5pAtEnt] n. 專利權(quán)
vituperative [vI`tjU:pErEtIv, -reI- , vaI-] adj. 責(zé)罵的,指責(zé)的
irreconcilable [i5rekEnsailEbl] adj. 不能協(xié)調(diào)的, 矛盾的
bickering [5bikEriN] n. 爭(zhēng)吵[論]