英語沙龍十年合集珍藏版第三輯How to Plan Your Career
How to Plan Your Career
Career planning helps you to shape your career possibilities．It does not necessarily follow routine or logical steps．Each of us places weight on different factors and may consider certain phases of career planning at different times．Career planning includes gathering information about ourselves and about occupations，estimating1) the probable outcomes of various courses of action，and finally，choosing alternatives that we find attractive and feasible．Quite often，career planning helps people to see the kinds of assistance they need to d o what they want and helps direct them to available resources．
What needs to be pointed out is that there are serious flaws in the ways many people make career decisions．The first is complacency2)．They ignore challenging information about the choice they make and take the attitude that “It won't affect me ”or“ it will never happen．”
A second flaw is defensive avoidance．When confronted with a decision and unable to believe they can find an acceptable solution，some people remain calm by resorting to wishful thinking or daydreaming or even procrastination3)．
A third flaw is hypervigilance4)．This occurs in career decision making when people believe there is not enough time to find a solution and they panic．They search frantically for career possibilities and seize on hastily contrived solutions，overlooking the consequences of their choice as well as other alternatives．People who are in a panic sometimes do not think clearly or logically．
The best coping behavior is vigilance．Vigilant decision making occurs when people believe that １）a choice should be made，２）they can find a solution，and ３）there is enough time．Under these conditions，people evaluate each alternative，and work out contingency plans in case one or another risk appears．
Keys to Career Planning
１．Study yourself．This is the key to career planning．Understanding what you are like，what you value，and what you wan t to become is the foundation for all career planning．In studying yourself，you examine your strengths and weaknesses，your goals，and the trends in your personal development ．The self－understanding that you gain enables you to imagine how certain occupations may best fit your personality，interests，abilities，and goals．All career decisions require us to learn both about ourselves and about work，and to integrate5) these two kinds of knowledge．
２．Write your career goals down．A technique useful for organizing ideas about your career development is to actually write them down by time blocks in your life，for example，ages nineteen to twenty－two，twenty－three to thirty．．．Writing something down forces you to crystallize6) your thinking and to reorganize fuzzy and half－formed ideas．It may lead to new insights about your possibilities and may help you to see new relationships，patterns and trends，or to identify gaps in your thinking a bout your career development．
３．Set up some hypotheses or predictions about yourself in a career．Consider the kind of person you are，what you're likely to be like，what changes are likely to take place in an occupation，what basic problems you might meet，and what you need to solve your problems．These hypotheses，or educated guesses，should represent your understanding of yourself at present，what you can do，and what you will do．
４．Review your plans and progress periodically with another person．Every so often，take stock of your situation and consider what steps have to be taken next．Taking inventory of progress and planning further steps can help you cope with the changes that you undergo and the changes that take place in the lab or market．Talking over your plans with a college counselor，your parents，and your friends helps you define your goals and improve your career plans or make them work．
５．If you choose a career that does not fit you，you can start over．Today，growing numbers of people are changing careers or getting second starts in careers that have greater appeal to them．Society no longer attaches the stigma7) of “instability” to the idea of career hopping，as it once did．Motives or reasons for changing careers vary widely，but many people move because they feel stale or fed up with a grinding or dull routine．For some，a second start grows out of the realization that what they want out of life is not what they are doing，and they decide to do these things they enjoy and believe to be important．Certainly，time spent in one occupation is likely to narrow the range of later occupational choices，very few people have the motivation and financial resources to start a completely new career in midlife．Most people move to a related field that involves a minimum8) of new training．
Career planning does not guarantee9) that all the problems，difficulties，or decision－making situations that face you in the future will be solved or made any easier．Nor can any formula be given to do that．But career planning should help you to approach and cope better with new problems，such as deciding whether or not to enter educational or training programs，deciding whether or not to change jobs，and analyzing the difficulties you are having with a situation or a person．
如何進行職業(yè)策劃
職業(yè)策劃可以幫助你發(fā)掘你就業(yè)的可能性。它不必循規(guī)蹈矩。我們每個人有不同的側重點，在不同時期會考慮需策劃的不同方面。職業(yè)策劃包括搜集有關我們自己和職業(yè)的信息，估算采取不同方案可能會出現的不同結果，最后，作出對我們有利且可行的選擇。職業(yè)策劃也經常會讓人們看到要達到他們的目的所需要的幫助，并指導他們利用現有的條件。
需要指出的是人們在擇業(yè)時有一些嚴重的欠缺。第一是盲目自滿。他們對有關他們選擇的挑戰(zhàn)性的信息視而不見并采取盲目樂觀的態(tài)度，認為“這不會影響我”、“這絕不會發(fā)生。”
第二是防御性的逃避。當面臨抉擇而又不知道能否找到可行的方案時，有的人借助期望和夢想甚至拖延來保持鎮(zhèn)定。
第三是過分緊張。當人們需要作出抉擇而又自認為時間不夠時，便慌亂不已。于是，他們忙亂一氣，草率行事，既忽略了別的選擇，也不顧自己的抉擇將引起的后果。在慌亂狀態(tài)下，人們有時無法保持自己思維的清晰和條理性。
最佳的處理方式是警覺。只有當人們相信必須作出選擇，一定能找到辦法并且有足夠的考慮時間時才能作出警覺性的決定。在這些情況下，人們權衡各種可能性，并制定出應付這樣或那樣的意外的對策。
職業(yè)策劃的幾個要點
１．研究自己。這是職業(yè)策劃的關鍵。了解自己屬于哪類人、注重什么、想做什么是所有職業(yè)策劃的基礎。在研究自己的時候，審視自己的強處和弱點、自己的目標及個人的發(fā)展趨勢。這樣獲得的自我了解有助于你去設想哪些職業(yè)最適合你的個性、興趣、能力和理想。所有的職業(yè)決策都要求我們對我們自身和工作都有所了解，并將二者結合起來。
２．把發(fā)展目標寫下來。一個有助于理清自己關于事業(yè)發(fā)展的打算的有效方法，是依據時間段把你的目標如實地寫下來，比如從１９歲到２２歲，從２３歲到３０歲……把想法寫在紙上有助于理清思緒，重新組織那些模糊的不成熟的思想。它還可能帶給你新的靈感，讓你發(fā)現新的可能性，幫助你看到新的聯(lián)系、模式與趨勢，或讓你辨別出你的職業(yè)發(fā)展中的漏洞。
３．大膽設想和預言。設想一下你是什么類型的人，你將會成為什么樣的人，工作中大概會發(fā)生什么變化，你將會碰到哪些基本問題，解決這些問題你需要些什么。這些設想，或者稱作有水平的猜測，代表著你對當前自我的了解，你能做些什么，以及你將會干什么。
４．定期與他人回顧你的計劃和進展。經常審視自己的處境并考慮下一步的計劃。細列自己的進步，作出下一步計劃，有助于你應付自身經歷的變化及勞務市場上的動蕩。與你的大學就業(yè)顧問、你的父母和朋友商談你的計劃有助于你選定自己的目標，完善或實現你的計劃。
５．如果選擇了一個不適合你的職業(yè)，你可以重新開始。現在，越來越多的人在改變職業(yè)，或重新開始，轉向對他們吸引力更大的職業(yè)。社會不再像以前那樣把改換職業(yè)看成是“不穩(wěn)定”的、不光彩的事情。改變職業(yè)的原因和動機各不相同，但許多人是因為感到厭倦和乏味。對有的人來說，重新開始是因為他們意識到他們現在所做的并不是他們所向往的，于是，他們決定去做他們認為有意思或重要的事情。當然，干一個職業(yè)的時間長了，會縮小以后的擇業(yè)范圍，很少有人有勇氣或足夠的經濟基礎在中年時再開始干一份全新的職業(yè)。大部分人轉往相近的、只需接受最少量訓練的行業(yè)。
職業(yè)策劃不能保證解決你面臨的所有的問題、困難，擺脫所有的困境。沒有能達到如此效果的公式。但是職業(yè)策劃可以幫助你更好地面對和處理新的問題，比如，決定是否參加教育或培訓計劃，是否改換工作，分析正讓你為難的某一件事或某一個人。
NOTE 注釋：
1. estimate [5estimeit] v. 估計, 估價
2. complacency [kEm5pleIsEnsI] n. 滿足, 安心
3. procrastination [prEu7krAsti5neiFEn] n. 延遲, 拖延
4. hypervigilance [7haipE:5vidVilEns] n. 過分緊張
5. integrate [5inti^reit] v. 結合
6. crystallize [5kristElaiz] v. 明確
7. stigma [5sti^mE] n. 不光彩的事情，不好的名聲
8. minimum [5minimEm] n. 最小值，最少量
9. guarantee [7^ArEn5ti:] vt. 保證, 擔保
