(4)舉例法 在主題句中簡(jiǎn)要、概括地說明一個(gè)段落的主題思想之后，可以用具體的、生動(dòng)的事例來支撐論證主題，向目標(biāo)讀者展示并使他們具體感受主題句中尚未展開的內(nèi)容和細(xì)節(jié)，例如：
This term several useful and interesting courses have been offered. An Introduction to European Culture, for instance, gives us a lot of background knowledge of the history of European philosophy, literature, and arts. From time to time we see slide shows of famous paintings and hear tapes of famous pieces of music, and they make the lectures all the more interesting. American Society and Culture is another course that attracts a large audience. The teacher, who visited the United States not long ago, discusses new trends and changes in American life as well as American history and traditions. We like these and other courses very much, because they help us not only to improve our English but also to broaden our vision.
(5)比較和對(duì)比 比較(comparison)主要是指出兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上不同種類的事物的共同點(diǎn)或相似之處，如人物、地點(diǎn)、事物、思想、觀點(diǎn)等。對(duì)照(contrast)主要是指出它們的不同點(diǎn)。相同的或類似的特征可以組成比較，不同的特征則可以組成對(duì)照。不僅如此，比較和對(duì)比常常同時(shí)使用，這是因?yàn)楸容^中往往隱含著對(duì)比。
比較和對(duì)比常有兩種形式，即整體比較和對(duì)比(block comparison and contrast)與逐項(xiàng)比較(alternating comparison)，例如：
Although Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee were fierce adversaries during the Civil War, their lives, both military and nonmilitary, has a great deal in common. Grant descended from a family whose members participated in the American Revolution. He received his commission of second lieutenant from West Point and served in the Spanish-American War. He was later summoned by President Lincoln to assume command of the Union Forces during the Civil War. After the Civil War, Grant suffered financial problems and was forced to declare bankruptcy. Lee also descended from a family which engaged in the American Revolution. He, too, received his commission from West Point and later fought in Mexico during the Spanish-American War. His fame as a military strategist during the Civil War, when he was the commander of the Confederate armies, is well known. Although it is not always pointed out by historians he, like Grant, had financial difficulties after the civil War and was compelled to declare bankruptcy. By securing a post as president of Washington College, he was able to avoid additional poverty.(整體比較)
The same qualities that make people good houseguests make them good hospital patients. Good houseguests can expect a reasonable amount of service and effort on their behalf, and hospital patients can also. Guests have to adjust to what is for them a change, and certainly hospital patients must do the same. No one appreciates a complaining, unpleasant, unappreciative house guest, and the hospital staff is no exception. Hose guests who expect vast changes to be made for their benefit are not popular for long. Certainly nurses and other personnel with their routines feel the same way about patients in their care. Just as house guests must make adjustments to enjoy their visits, so patients must make adjustments to make their stays reasonably pleasant and satisfying under the circumstances.(逐項(xiàng)比較)
