英語六級(jí)考試——寫作真題選析之解決問題型

二、解決問題型

(一)題型描述

　　 這種類型的作文主題一般是目前社會(huì)上存在的問題,而且提綱中一般會(huì)要求考生寫出問題的解決辦法,因此稱為“解決問題型”。屬于這一類的真題包括2010年6月、2008年12月、2005年6月、2003年1月、2000年1月、1999年1月、1998年1月的真題。其實(shí)2012年12月的考題之一也可以分到該類。

(二)真題示例

　　 2005年6月真題

　　 Directions:For this part,you are allowed thirty minutes to write a short essay entitled Say No to Pirated Products.You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below:

　　 1.目前盜版的現(xiàn)象比較嚴(yán)重

　　 2.造成這種現(xiàn)象的原因及其危害

　　 3.我們應(yīng)該怎么做

　　 Useful words and expressions:

　　 盜版:piracy(n.)

　　 盜版產(chǎn)品:pirated products

　　 知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán):intellectual property rights

　　 侵犯版權(quán):infringe sb's copyright;copyright infringement

(三)整體構(gòu)思

　　 此題提綱已經(jīng)有非常明確的三點(diǎn),而且非常自然,符合邏輯,這其實(shí)就是我們常說的一個(gè)問題的“三步走”,即提出問題、分析問題、解決問題。但如果第二段既分析原因又分析危害,可能導(dǎo)致第二段太長(zhǎng),而且給閱卷人造成困難,需要多花時(shí)間辨認(rèn)文章從何處開始分析危害,或者有沒有分析危害;另外也會(huì)造成段落內(nèi)部主題不一致,不符合英語段落規(guī)范。因此可以把原因和危害分開寫,將整篇文章寫成四段:

　　 · 提出問題

　　 · 分析原因

　　 · 分析危害

　　 · 解決問題

　　 實(shí)際上,很多其他“解決問題型”的真題提綱就是按照這個(gè)步驟給的,因此,上述提綱可以作為“解決問題型”作文的共同思路。如果給的提綱只有兩點(diǎn)而且難于擴(kuò)展,就可以按照這個(gè)步驟對(duì)其進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充。未給出提綱的“社會(huì)問題”類題目就更可以按照這四步寫成四段了。當(dāng)然,如果沒有具體提綱,而又覺得原因或危害不好寫,那也可以只寫原因或只寫危害,將整篇文章寫成三段。

(四)分段寫作

　　 下面講解每一段的寫作。

　　 第一段

　　 第一段“提出問題”其實(shí)不必寫太多,兩三句話交代一下問題就行。按照先總后分的原則,先總的交代一下“我們身邊存在著盜版產(chǎn)品”這一問題,然后舉出一些例子進(jìn)行論述就可以。

　　 第二段

　　 文章的第二、三段其實(shí)更重要,應(yīng)該是文章的主體。因此在構(gòu)思上應(yīng)該多花一些時(shí)間。關(guān)于“盜版現(xiàn)象的原因”,最容易想到的是“不法生產(chǎn)者為謀取暴利”。如果想不到其他的,既可以用舉例的方式說說通過盜版可以賺取多少利潤(rùn),也可用比較抽象的思考方式,即分類思維。如由“生產(chǎn)者的原因”想到其對(duì)立面“消費(fèi)者的原因”,即貪圖便宜或版權(quán)保護(hù)意識(shí)薄弱;或者由“盜版者”想到“被盜版者”,后者也是缺乏版權(quán)保護(hù)意識(shí),或不善于維權(quán)。另外,還可以由“謀取暴利”這一“目的”,想到盜版“手段”,說說盜版技術(shù)很簡(jiǎn)單,很容易實(shí)現(xiàn)。另外,在“生產(chǎn)者”、“消費(fèi)者”這種“民眾”的原因基礎(chǔ)上,想到“官方”的原因,即相關(guān)法律不夠嚴(yán)厲,或執(zhí)行不到位等。

　　 第三段

　　 有了第二段的原因,第三段“盜版現(xiàn)象的危害”就很好寫了。同樣可以寫出對(duì)“生產(chǎn)者”和“消費(fèi)者”的危害,前者如“原創(chuàng)人員或正品生產(chǎn)者版權(quán)受侵,利潤(rùn)受損”,后者如“消費(fèi)者合法利益受損”等。還可能想到“破壞誠信、浪費(fèi)資源”等對(duì)整個(gè)“社會(huì)和國(guó)家”的危害。這種有條理的思維方式可通過平時(shí)的經(jīng)常練習(xí)和思考進(jìn)行培養(yǎng)。要多積累,多模仿,使文章的思想內(nèi)容更深刻,更有見地。

　　 第四段

　　 有了第二、三段的構(gòu)思,第四段寫起來就相當(dāng)容易了。解決問題的方法也可以從“國(guó)家”和“民眾”入手:國(guó)家立法、執(zhí)法;民眾提高版權(quán)保護(hù)意識(shí)。

(五)高分模板

　　 其實(shí),通過這篇文章的寫作,可以總結(jié)出很多“解決問題型”作文的模板,如下文中畫線的部分:

　　 Say No to Pirated Products

　　 Nobody could have failed to notice the fact that piracy is a grave problem with which we are confronted.Taking a look around,we can find examples too numerous to list.In many places we see people peddling pirated books,songs and films.

　　 A number of factors could account for the problem,but the following might be the most critical ones.Firstly,pirated products are much cheaper than copyrighted ones,so they are very attractive to people,especially youngsters who are not financially well?off.Secondly,with highly developed technology,it is not difficult to manufacture pirated products.With one authorized copy,the illegal producers can make thousands of fake ones at a very low cost,thus making huge profits.

　　 Pirated products are bound to generate severe consequences if we keep turning a blind eye to them.First and foremost,intellectual property rights are severely infringed upon.Honest producers will lose the motivation to develop new products.Meanwhile,pirated products are often of low quality,thus damaging the interest of lawful buyers.

　　 In view of the seriousness of this problem,effective measures must be taken before things get worse.First,it is essential that laws and regulations be worked out and enforced to ban the manufacture and circulation of pirated products.Secondly,the public should enhance their awareness of protecting intellectual property rights.With proper laws and an alert public,it will only be a matter of time before pirated products become things of the past./ With these measures taken,it is reasonable for us to believe that the problem will be solved in the near future.

　　 譯文

　　 拒絕盜版產(chǎn)品

　　 人們都注意到,盜版已成為我們面臨的一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的問題。環(huán)顧四周,我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)例子不勝枚舉。在很多地方我們都能看到有人兜售盜版的書籍、歌曲和電影。

　　 很多因素可以解釋這一問題,但以下可能是最關(guān)鍵的幾個(gè)。首先,盜版產(chǎn)品比正版的要便宜得多,所以對(duì)人們——尤其是經(jīng)濟(jì)上不是很富裕的年輕人——有很大的吸引力。第二,有了高度發(fā)達(dá)的技術(shù),生產(chǎn)盜版產(chǎn)品并不是很難。不法生產(chǎn)者利用一個(gè)正版產(chǎn)品就可以以很低的成本制造出成千上萬的假冒產(chǎn)品,從而獲取暴利。

　　 如果我們繼續(xù)漠視盜版產(chǎn)品,它們必將產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的后果。首先而且最重要的是,知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)被嚴(yán)重侵犯。誠實(shí)生產(chǎn)者將失去開發(fā)新產(chǎn)品的動(dòng)力。同時(shí),盜版產(chǎn)品往往質(zhì)量低劣,因而損害了合法購買者的利益。

　　 鑒于這個(gè)問題的嚴(yán)重性,必須采取有效措施,以防情況惡化。首先,至關(guān)重要的是制定和執(zhí)行法律法規(guī),以禁止盜版產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)和流通。其次,公眾要增強(qiáng)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)意識(shí)。有了適當(dāng)?shù)姆珊凸姷木X,消除盜版產(chǎn)品將只是一個(gè)時(shí)間問題。/隨著這些措施的實(shí)行,我們就有理由相信,這一問題將會(huì)在不久的將來得到解決。

(六)學(xué)以致用

　　 套用上面這一模板就可以輕松地寫出更多與這篇真題作文相似的文章,如:

　　 2010年6月真題

　　 Directions:For this part,you are allowed thirty minutes to write a short essay entitled Due Attention Should Be Given to the Study of Chinese.You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below:

　　 1.近年來在學(xué)生中出現(xiàn)了忽視中文學(xué)習(xí)的現(xiàn)象

　　 2.出現(xiàn)這種現(xiàn)象的原因和后果

　　 3.為了改變這種狀況,我認(rèn)為……

　　 范文

　　 Due Attention Should Be Given to the Study of Chinese

　　 Nobody could have failed to notice the fact that students ignoring the study of Chinese is a grave problem with which we are confronted.Taking a look around,we can find examples too numerous to list:some play truant from Chinese classes,some read few Chinese classics and some rarely write articles in Chinese.

　　 A number of factors could account for the problem,but the following might be the most critical ones.Firstly,the craze for learning English affect,to some degree,students'passion for the study of their native language.Secondly,the increasing emphasis on some so-called “practical courses” closely related to job hunting also cut into students'time and energy spent on the study of Chinese.

　　 The problem mentioned above is bound to generate severe consequences if we keep turning a blind eye to it.First and foremost,students'weakness in Chinese would lead to their ignorance of Chinese culture.Meanwhile,their problems with Chinese would also hamper their study of other subjects.

　　 In view of the seriousness of the problem,effective measures must be taken before things get worse.In the first place,it is essential that the school attach more importance to the teaching of Chinese.In the second place,students should enhance their awareness of the importance of mastering their mother tongue.Only with these measures taken can we expect the comprehensive development of students.

　　 譯文

　　 應(yīng)對(duì)中文學(xué)習(xí)給予應(yīng)有的關(guān)注

　　 人們都注意到,學(xué)生忽視中文學(xué)習(xí)已成為我們面臨的一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的問題。環(huán)顧四周,我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)例子不勝枚舉:一些學(xué)生上中文課時(shí)逃課,一些學(xué)生很少閱讀中文經(jīng)典書籍,還有一些幾乎不怎么寫中文文章。

　　 很多因素可以解釋這一問題,但下面的可能是最關(guān)鍵的幾個(gè)。首先,在某種程度上,對(duì)英語學(xué)習(xí)的狂熱影響了學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)本國(guó)語言的熱情。其次,越來越強(qiáng)調(diào)一些與找工作密切相關(guān)的所謂 “實(shí)用課程”也減少了學(xué)生花在中文學(xué)習(xí)方面的時(shí)間和精力。

　　 如果我們繼續(xù)漠視上述問題,它必將產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的后果。首先而且最重要的是,學(xué)生在中文方面的薄弱會(huì)導(dǎo)致他們?cè)谥袊?guó)文化方面的無知。同時(shí),他們?cè)谥形姆矫娴膯栴}也會(huì)妨礙他們其他科目的學(xué)習(xí)。

　　 鑒于這個(gè)問題的嚴(yán)重性,必須采取有效措施,防止情況惡化。首先,學(xué)校應(yīng)該更加重視中文教學(xué)。其次,學(xué)生應(yīng)該增強(qiáng)對(duì)于掌握母語的重要性的意識(shí)。只有隨著這些措施的實(shí)行,我們才能期待學(xué)生的全面發(fā)展。

(七)模板變臉

　　 其實(shí),好的寫法絕不止一種,我們也可以總結(jié)出“解決問題型”作文的其他模板,如下面文章中畫線的部分:

　　 Say No to Pirated Products

　　 There is no doubt that piracy has been a grave problem facing us.Taking a look around,we can find examples too many to enumerate.Reports about pirated books,songs and films are frequently heard or read on TV or the Internet.

　　 A variety of factors may have led to the problem,but the leading ones are as follows.For one thing,pirated products are much cheaper than copyrighted ones,so they are very attractive to people,especially youngsters who are not financially well?off.For another,with highly developed technology,it is not difficult to manufacture pirated products.With one authorized copy,the illegal producers can make thousands of fake ones at a very low cost,thus making huge profits.

　　 Piracy will definitely result in severe consequences if we keep turning a blind eye to it.In the first place,intellectual property rights are severely infringed upon.Honest producers will lose the motivation to develop new products.In the second place,pirated products are often of low quality,thus damaging the interest of lawful buyers.

　　 Given the acuteness of this problem,effective steps must be adopted before the situation deteriorates.First,it is imperative that laws and regulations be enacted and executed to stop the manufacture and circulation of pirated products.Secondly,people should be educated to identify and refuse pirated commodities.With severe laws and a conscious public,it will only be a matter of time for piracy to be eradicated./ With these measures taken,we have every reason to believe that the problem will be remedied in the near future.

　　 譯文

　　 拒絕盜版產(chǎn)品

　　 毫無疑問,盜版已成為我們面臨的一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的問題。環(huán)顧四周,我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)例子不勝枚舉。在電視上和網(wǎng)上我們經(jīng)常能聽到或看到關(guān)于盜版書籍、歌曲和電影的報(bào)道。

　　 多種因素可以導(dǎo)致這一問題,但主要因素如下。首先,盜版產(chǎn)品比正版的要便宜得多,所以對(duì)人們——尤其是對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)上不是很富裕的年輕人——有很大的吸引力。其次,有了高度發(fā)達(dá)的技術(shù),生產(chǎn)盜版產(chǎn)品并不是很難。有了一個(gè)正版產(chǎn)品,不法生產(chǎn)者就可以以很低的成本制造出成千上萬的假冒產(chǎn)品,從而獲取暴利。

　　 如果我們繼續(xù)漠視盜版產(chǎn)品,它們必將造成嚴(yán)重的后果。其一,知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)被嚴(yán)重侵犯。誠實(shí)的生產(chǎn)者將失去開發(fā)新產(chǎn)品的動(dòng)力。其二,盜版產(chǎn)品往往質(zhì)量低劣,因而損害了合法購買者的利益。

　　 鑒于這個(gè)問題的嚴(yán)重性,必須采取有效措施,防止情況惡化。首先,必須制定和執(zhí)行法律法規(guī),以禁止盜版產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)和流通。其次,應(yīng)該教育人們識(shí)別和拒絕盜版商品。有了嚴(yán)厲的法律和有意識(shí)的公眾,消除盜版將只是一個(gè)時(shí)間問題。 / 隨著這些措施的實(shí)行,我們就有理由相信,這一問題將在不久的將來得到解決。

(八)變臉應(yīng)用

　　 變臉應(yīng)用1:

　　 2012年12月真題

　　 Directions:For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled On Maintaining Trust by commenting on the saying,“It takes years to build trust,and a few seconds to destroy it.” You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.

　　 這道題固然可以分到后文將講到的“名言警句型”,但因?yàn)橛斜容^強(qiáng)的社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)意義,所以也可以按照解決問題型思路寫作。

　　 范文

　　 On Maintaining Trust

　　 There is no doubt that trust crisis has been a grave problem facing us.Taking a look around,we can find examples too many to enumerate.Reports about dishonesty are frequently heard or read on TV or the Internet.A case in point is that KFC,one of the most famous fast?food restaurants in the world,is being doubted in China because of its problematic chicken.Just as the saying goes,“It takes years to build trust,and a few seconds to destroy it.”

　　 A variety of factors may have led to the problem,but the leading ones are as follows.For one thing,there still lack powerful laws and their rigid enforcement in this country.As a result,dishonest deeds can be conducted at a rather low cost.For another,for this reason or that,the public are still unaccustomed to claiming their rights when cheated.Last but not least,the declining level of morality and the atmosphere of chasing money seem to have made it normal to gain profits by dishonest means.

　　 Given the acuteness of this problem,effective steps must be adopted before the situation deteriorates.First,it is imperative that laws and regulations be enacted and executed to stop various dishonest behaviors and maintain trust among society.Secondly,people should be educated to enhance their awareness of protecting their rights and upholding social justice.With proper laws and an alert public,it will only be a matter of time before trust crisis becomes a thing of the past.

　　 譯文

　　 論維護(hù)信任

　　 毫無疑問,信任危機(jī)已經(jīng)成為我們面臨的一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的問題。環(huán)顧四周,我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)這樣的例子不勝枚舉。在電視上和網(wǎng)上我們經(jīng)常能聽到或看到關(guān)于不誠實(shí)行為的報(bào)道。一個(gè)典型例證就是肯德基。作為全球最有名的快餐企業(yè)之一,它在中國(guó)卻因?yàn)閱栴}雞肉而遭到懷疑。就像俗語所說的:“建立信任需要幾年,毀掉信任卻只需要幾秒?！?

　　 多種因素可以導(dǎo)致這一問題,但主要因素如下。首先,我國(guó)仍然缺乏有力的法律及其嚴(yán)格的執(zhí)行,因此不誠實(shí)行為的成本相當(dāng)?shù)?。第?由于種種原因,公眾受騙時(shí)仍然不習(xí)慣去主張自己的權(quán)利。最后,不斷下降的道德水平以及追逐金錢的氣氛似乎也使以不誠實(shí)的方式牟利變得很正常。

　　 鑒于這個(gè)問題的嚴(yán)重性,必須采取有效措施,防止情況惡化。首先,必須制定和執(zhí)行法律法規(guī),以禁止不誠實(shí)的行為,維護(hù)社會(huì)誠信。其次,應(yīng)該教育人們提高保護(hù)自身權(quán)利、維護(hù)社會(huì)正義的意識(shí)。有了嚴(yán)厲的法律和有意識(shí)的公眾,消除信任危機(jī)將只是一個(gè)時(shí)間問題。

　　 變臉應(yīng)用2:

　　 2008年12月真題

　　 Directions:For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled College Students'Mental Health.You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below.

　　 1.心理健康對(duì)于大學(xué)生很重要

　　 2.鑒于此,學(xué)?？梢浴?

　　 3.我們自己應(yīng)該……

　　 這個(gè)話題固然可以使用上述模板里面的某些部分,但不能全用,因?yàn)樵擃}的提綱要求與我們前面總結(jié)的寫作步驟不完全一致,其中并未要求寫問題的原因,也沒有明確要求寫危害(盡管在第一段可以提及心理問題對(duì)大學(xué)生的危害,來證明心理健康的重要性)； 但解決問題的提綱卻給了兩點(diǎn),一般要各寫一段,如范文所示:

　　 范文

　　 College Students` Mental Health

　　 There is no doubt that mental disorder has been a grave problem facing college students.Taking a look around,we can find examples too many to enumerate.Reports about students committing suicide are frequently heard or read on TV or the Internet.This phenomenon will definitely result in severe consequences if we keep turning a blind eye to it.In other words,mental health is of vital importance to college students.

　　 Given the acuteness of this problem,effective steps must be adopted before the situation deteriorates.First,it is imperative that due attention be paid by colleges to students'mental health.In the first place,lectures on psychological health should be frequently given to students to prevent problems from happening.In the second place,psychological clinics should be set up to provide troubled students with timely help.

　　 Meanwhile,students should be educated to keep the channel of communication open among themselves and between them and their teachers and parents.Besides,in case of mental illness,we should not hesitate to go to psychological counselors for help.With these measures taken,we have every reason to expect the sound growth of college students.

　　 譯文

　　 大學(xué)生心理健康

　　 毫無疑問,心理疾病已成為大學(xué)生面臨的一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的問題。環(huán)顧四周,我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)這樣的例子不勝枚舉。在電視上和網(wǎng)上我們經(jīng)常能聽到或看到關(guān)于學(xué)生自殺的報(bào)道。如果我們繼續(xù)漠視這一現(xiàn)象,它必將造成嚴(yán)重的后果。換句話說,心理健康對(duì)大學(xué)生是至關(guān)重要的。

　　 鑒于這個(gè)問題的嚴(yán)重性,必須采取有效措施,防止情況惡化。首先,學(xué)校必須關(guān)注學(xué)生的心理健康。第一,應(yīng)該經(jīng)常舉辦心理健康講座來防患于未然。第二,應(yīng)該開辦心理診所來為有問題的學(xué)生提供及時(shí)的幫助。

　　 同時(shí),應(yīng)該教育學(xué)生,使他們保持彼此之間以及與老師和家長(zhǎng)之間的交流渠道暢通。另外,一旦有了心理疾病,我們不應(yīng)該猶豫,而應(yīng)該尋求心理咨詢專家的幫助。只有采取這些措施,我們才能期待大學(xué)生健康成長(zhǎng)。