這一講的話題是政府對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的管理,以及經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家對(duì)凱恩斯經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)理論的不同看法。
金融世界 第十一講
凱恩斯理論與政府對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的管理
這一講的話題是政府對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的管理,以及經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家對(duì)凱恩斯經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)理論的不同看法。
在這一講中我們要談的話題是:The government as manager, 政府對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的管理,以及經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家對(duì)凱恩斯經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)理論的不同看法。
英 國(guó)著名經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家凱恩斯 John Maynard Keynes 在1936年出版了他劃時(shí)代的巨著 The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money -“就業(yè),利息和貨幣通論”,提出“有效需求不足”的理論思想,被經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)界看作是一場(chǎng)理論革命。他的理論是宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的經(jīng)典,至今仍然影響著各國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)政策的制定和當(dāng)代經(jīng)濟(jì)理論的發(fā)展。
下面我們要聽(tīng)一下美國(guó)哈佛大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)教授格雷格曼奇對(duì)凱恩斯的理論做的介紹。在收聽(tīng)他的談話之前,我們先來(lái)熟悉一下他在談話中使用的幾個(gè)詞匯:
1 The General Theory 通論,對(duì)凱恩斯著作“就業(yè),利息和貨幣通論”的簡(jiǎn)稱
2 recession 衰退
3 Great Depression 大蕭條,指1929年到1930年代初期世界性嚴(yán)重經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退
4 inadequate demand for goods and services 對(duì)商品和服務(wù)的需求不足
美國(guó)哈佛大學(xué)曼奇教授對(duì)凱恩斯理論做了這樣的簡(jiǎn)單介紹:
Keynes's work essentially changed the way economists view the functioning of the economy. It really is traced to Keynes' great book The General Theory, which in 1936 provided a new way for us to think about booms and recessions.
曼奇說(shuō),凱恩斯的研究基本上改變了經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家有關(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的觀念。這可以一直追溯到凱恩斯的偉大著作 “通論”。這本書(shū)在1936年為我們研究繁榮與衰退提供了新的方法。
It's important to keep in mind when he was writing, he was writing essentially in the midst of a Great Depression, a situation where roughly a quarter of the labour force was unemployed in the United States and other developed countries.
重要的是要記住他寫(xiě)作這本書(shū)的年代。他基本上是在大蕭條期間進(jìn)行的寫(xiě)作,而大蕭條期間美國(guó)和其他發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家都有大約四分之一的勞動(dòng)力失業(yè)。
And this was an event that economists had a lot of trouble coming to grips with, trying to understand, trying to come up with policy recommedations to deal with.
許多經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家絞盡腦汁來(lái)研究大蕭條,試圖弄清楚它的來(lái)龍去脈,試圖找到對(duì)付大蕭條的方法。
I think the central idea in Keyes' general theory is that recessions, or depressions, result from inadequate demand for goods and services. Essentially people in governments and firms aren't spending enough and that's why so many people are unemployed.
我認(rèn)為凱恩斯通論的中心思想是:衰退或蕭條是由對(duì)商品和服務(wù)的需求不足造成的。基本上是說(shuō),政府和公司花費(fèi)得不夠,因此有許多人失業(yè)。
And what Keyens' theory was to do was basically to show how that could work and to show what governments could do to try to prop up demand for goods and services and get economies out of recessions and depressions.
凱恩斯的理論基本上是要證明如何這才能行得通以及政府可以采取什么行動(dòng)來(lái)促進(jìn)對(duì)商品和服務(wù)的需求,使經(jīng)濟(jì)擺脫衰退和蕭條。
下面我們完整聽(tīng)一遍美國(guó)哈佛大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)教授曼奇對(duì)凱恩斯學(xué)說(shuō)作的這段解釋。(略)
盡管凱恩斯理論對(duì)各國(guó)政府的貨幣政策和財(cái)政收支政策都曾產(chǎn)生過(guò)重大的影響,但曼奇教授指出,受到最直接影響的是財(cái)政收支政策。他說(shuō):
It's probably most obvious in fiscal policy, because that's where Keynes argues, essentially, that the problem of the Great Depression could be solved most easily with fiscal policy. So there's a lot of examples in the US's and other countries' histories that were essentially applications of Keynes' ideas.
For example when John Kennedy came to the White House one of the first things he wanted to do was to cut taxes in order to stimulate the economy. And the arguments that he gave were essentially textbook Keynesian arguments.
下面我們分段聽(tīng)一遍曼奇教授的這段談話和中文翻譯:(英文略)
財(cái)政收支政策受到的影響大概最為明顯,因?yàn)閯P恩斯基本上認(rèn)為可以通過(guò)(調(diào)整)財(cái)政收支政策來(lái)最容易地解決大蕭條的問(wèn)題。因此在美國(guó)和其他國(guó)家的歷史上就有了許多實(shí)際上實(shí)施凱恩斯理論的例證。
比如約翰肯尼迪入主白宮,首先作的就是減稅以刺激經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。他提出的理由從本質(zhì)上來(lái)說(shuō)就是規(guī)范的凱恩斯理論。
下面我們把曼奇教授的這段談話原文再聽(tīng)一遍。(略)
到了二次世界大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束時(shí),世界上許多國(guó)家的政府都接受了凱恩斯的主張。澳大利亞、英國(guó)、美國(guó)等國(guó)政府都紛紛承擔(dān)起追求完全就業(yè)和經(jīng)濟(jì)穩(wěn)定的責(zé)任。
然而,即便是在凱恩斯理論的黃金時(shí)代,它也一直受到質(zhì)疑。1976年獲諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)的美國(guó)著名經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家弗里德曼教授就是對(duì)凱恩斯理論持批評(píng)意見(jiàn)的學(xué)者之一。在下一講中我們要為您介紹弗里德曼教授的經(jīng)濟(jì)理論觀點(diǎn)。
接下來(lái)我們?cè)購(gòu)?fù)習(xí)一下今天涉及的一些英語(yǔ)詞匯:
1 John Maynard Keynes 凱恩斯,英國(guó)著名經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家,生于1883年,卒于1946年。
2 The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money,“就業(yè),利息和貨幣通論”
3 The General Theory,通論,對(duì)凱恩斯著作“就業(yè),利息和貨幣通論”的簡(jiǎn)稱
4 recession 衰退
5 Great Depression 大蕭條,指1929年到1930年代初期世界性嚴(yán)重經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退
6 inadequate demand for goods and services 對(duì)商品和服務(wù)的需求不足
在結(jié)束這一講之前,我們把美國(guó)哈佛大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)教授格雷格曼奇關(guān)于凱恩斯理論的談話再聽(tīng)一遍。(略)
這次由澳洲廣播電臺(tái)Radio Australia中文部為您制作的金融世界節(jié)目到這里就結(jié)束了,謝謝您的收聽(tīng)。