10 THE IMPORTANCE OF SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENTS
THE IMPORTANCE OF SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENTS
The rise of modern science may perhaps be considered to date as far back as the time of Roger Bacon, the wonderful monk and philosopher of Oxford, who lived between the years 1214 and 1292. He was probably the first in the middle ages to assert that we must learn science by observing and experimenting on the things around us, and he himself made many remarkable discoveries. Galileo, however, who lived more than 300 years later (1564 to 1642), was the greatest of several great men, who in Italy, France, Germany, or England, began by degrees to show how many important truths could be discovered by well-directed observation. Before the time of Galileo, learned men believed that large bodies fall more rapidly towards the earth than small ones, because Aristotle said so. But Galileo, going to the top of the Leaning Tower of Pisa, let fall two unequal stones, and proved to some friends, whom he had brought there to see his experiment, that Aristotle was in error. It is Galileo's spirit of going direct to Nature, and verifying our opinions and theories by experiment, that has led to all the great discoveries of modern science.
科學(xué)實驗的重要性
威廉.斯坦利.杰文斯
現(xiàn)代科學(xué)的興起也許要追溯到羅杰.培根的時代。羅杰.培根是牛津杰出的僧侶和哲學(xué)家,他出生于 1214 年,死于 1292 年。他可能是中世紀(jì)第一個提出我們必須通過對周圍事物進(jìn)行觀察和實驗來學(xué)習(xí)科學(xué)的人,他自己也有許多卓越的發(fā)現(xiàn)。然而,生活在三百多年之后的伽利略(1564— 1642),卻是好幾個偉大人物中最偉大的一個,這些人在意大利、法國、德國和英國開始逐步使人們看到許多重要的真理是可以通過掌握得當(dāng)?shù)挠^察去發(fā)現(xiàn)的。在伽利略之前,學(xué)者們相信大的物體掉到地面比小的物體要快,因為亞理斯多德是這樣說的??墒?,伽利略登上比薩斜塔的頂端,讓兩塊體積不相等的石頭同時落地,從而向一些他帶去觀看實驗的朋友們證明。亞理斯多德錯了。正是伽利略的這種直接到大自然中去通過實驗來證明我們的判斷和理論的精神,導(dǎo)致了所有現(xiàn)代科學(xué)的偉大發(fā)現(xiàn).