托福寫作縮小范圍來論證觀點(diǎn)

　　如動(dòng)物→鳥類，現(xiàn)代交通方式→飛機(jī)，上面的舉例是最簡(jiǎn)單的形式，即對(duì)單個(gè)詞/短語，或說單個(gè)對(duì)象舉例。我們?cè)讵?dú)立寫作中會(huì)遇到對(duì)單個(gè)對(duì)象的舉例，這也是大家都能做好的;但我們更常遇到的是需要對(duì)一個(gè)句子，或說多個(gè)對(duì)象互相聯(lián)系而串成的觀點(diǎn)舉例的情況，這時(shí)我們就需要留意我們所舉的例子的有效性了。

　　托福寫作舉例的基本原則：

　　a. 細(xì)節(jié)性原則----細(xì)于被舉例者。

　　b. 一致性原則----良好體現(xiàn)與要用舉例證明的觀點(diǎn)的一致對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系，觀點(diǎn)中的重點(diǎn)信息應(yīng)在例子中不多不少地體現(xiàn)。

　　舉例的具體操作方法:

　　粗舉，細(xì)舉，引調(diào)查，列數(shù)字。

　　(1)粗例----粗獷的例子

　　"粗例"即一類人、物或事，或一個(gè)公認(rèn)事實(shí)的例子，說白了就是多數(shù)人都能認(rèn)可的信息。尋找這類例子的時(shí)候比較輕松，只要在觀點(diǎn)中找出可以繼續(xù)細(xì)化的重點(diǎn)信息然后"narrow down"就可以了

　　觀點(diǎn)1： Employers are willing to pay a premium for highly qualified applicants.

　　粗例1： International companies desire bilingual employees and offer higher salaries to attract them.

　　"粗例"可以建立"面"對(duì)"線"的關(guān)系，但需要注意不能太空洞，同時(shí)也要控制使用的量;粗例子需要搭配因果分析、比較論證來使用，才能使整個(gè)段落更有血肉。

　　(2)細(xì)例----細(xì)致的例子

　　新托福寫作真經(jīng)提到"細(xì)例"就是具體到一個(gè)人、一個(gè)物，或一件事，可以是實(shí)際存在的，也可以無中生有。這類例子使托福寫作更加鮮活，更有說服力，通常也能占據(jù)更長(zhǎng)一些的篇幅，平時(shí)有意識(shí)地積累并靈活聯(lián)系，寫起這類例子來才會(huì)更加得心應(yīng)手。

　　a. 實(shí)際存在的，一方面，這類例子可以是身邊，家人、朋友、自己和身邊發(fā)生的一些事情;另一方面就是名人和一些被報(bào)道出來的“名事”了

　　觀點(diǎn)2： Mistakes serve as vivid, sometimes painful deterrents from certain action.

　　細(xì)例2： A friend of mine suffering from smoking-induced lung disease would remember the emotional and physical pain associated with the side-effects of tobacco usage. Not only does he recall the smell of hospitals, the imprint of pain on the face of someone who died from smoking, but he would also link these memories immediately with cigarettes.

　　觀點(diǎn)3： You cannot judge a person only by his or her appearance.

　　細(xì)例3： Susan Boyle is one of those. Such an appearance has long been rumored, but her incredible voice and stunning performance on BGT has won her great popularity.

　　b. 此外，"細(xì)例"的無中生有就是假設(shè)論證，常用if，supposing等開頭

　　觀點(diǎn)4： Individuals play a significant role in alleviating traffic congestion.

　　細(xì)例4： If 30 people get on a public bus instead of 30 individual cars, there will be far fewer automobiles on the road, greatly easing the traffic burden.