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Section A
Directions: In this section,there is a passage wih ten blanks.You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage.Read the passage through carefully before making your choices.Each choice in the bank is identifed by a letter.Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
A new study has drawn a bleak picture of cultural inclusiveness reflected in the children's literature available in Australia.Dr.Helen Adam from Edith Cowan University's School of Education 26 the cultural diversity of children's books.She examined the books 27 in the kindergarten rooms of four day-care centers in Western Australia.Just 18 percent of 2,413 books in the total collection contained any 28 of non-white people.Minority cultures were often featured in stereotypical or tokenistic ways,for example,by 29 Asian culture with chopsticks and traditional dress.Characters that did represent a minority culture usuallyhad 30 roles in the books.The main characters were mostly Caucasian.This causes concern as it can lead to an impression that whiteness is of greater value.
Dr.Adam said children formed impressions about“difference”and identity from a very young age.Evidence has shown they develop own-race 31 from as young as three months of age.The books we share with young children can be a valuable opportunity to develop children's understanding of themselves and others.Books can also allow children to see diversity.They discover both similaritiesand differences between themselves and others.This can help develop understanding, acceptance and 32 of diversity.
Census data has shown Australians come from more than 200 countries.They speak over 300 languages at home.Additionally,Australians belong to more than 100 different religious groups.They also work in more than 1,000 different occupations.“Australia is a multicultural society.The current 33 promotion of white middle-class ideas and lifestyles risks 34 children from minority groups.This can give white middle-class children a sense of 35 or privilege,”Dr.Adam said.
A)alienating
B)appreciation
C)bias
D)fraud
E)housed
F)investigated
G)overwhelming
H)portraying
I)representation
J)safeguarded
K)secondary
L)superiority
M)temperament
N)tentative
O)threshold
Section B
Directions:In this section,you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.Eachstatement contains information given in one of the paragraphs.Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived.You may choose a paragraph more than once.Each paragraph ismarked with a letter.Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
How Marconi Gave Us the Wireless World
A)A hundred years before iconic figureslike Bill Gates and Steve Jobs permeated our lives,an Irish- Italian inventor laid the foundation of the communication explosion of the 21st century.Guglielmo Marconi was arguably the first truly global figure in modern communication.Not only was he the first to communicate globally,he was the first to think globally about communication.Marconi may not have been the greatest inventor of his time,but more than anyone else,he brought about a fundamental shift in the way we communicate.
B)Today's globally networked media and communication system has its origins in the 19th century, when,for the first time,messages were sent electronically across great distances.The telegraph,the telephone,and radio were the obvious predecessors of the Internet,iPods,and mobile phones. What made the link from then to now was the development of wireless communication.Marconi was the first to develop and perfect this system,using the recently-discovered“air waves”that make up the electromagnetic spectrum.
C)Between 1896,when he applied for his first patent in England at the age of 22,and his death in Italy in 1937,Marconi was at the center of every major innovation in electronic communication. He was also a skilled and sophisticated organizer,an entrepreneurial innovator,who mastered the use of corporate strategy,media relations,government lobbying,international diplomacy,patents,and prosecution.Marconi was really interested in only one thing:the extension of mobile, personal,long-distance communication to the ends of the earth(and beyond,if we can believe some reports).Some like to refer to him as a genius,but if there was any genius to Marconi it was this vision.
D)In 1901 he succeeded in signaling across the Atlantic,from the west coast of England to Newfoundland in the USA,despite the claims of science that it could not be done.In 1924 he convinced the British government to encircle theworld with a chain ofwireless stations using the latest technology that he had devised,shortwave radio.There are some who say Marconi lost his edge when commercial broadcasting came along;he didn't see that radio could or should be used to frivolous(無(wú)聊的)ends.In one of his last public speeches,a radio broadcast to the United States in March 1937,he deplored that broadcasting had become a one-way means of communication and foresaw it moving in another direction,toward communication as a means of exchange.That was visionary genius.
E)Marconi's career was devoted to making wireless communication happen cheaply,efficiently,smoothly, and with an elegance that would appear to be intuitive and uncomplicated to the user—user-friendly,if you will.There is a direct connection from Marconi to today's social media,search engines,and program streaming that can best be summed up by an admittedly provocative exclamation:the 20th century did not exist.In a sense,Marconi's vision jumped from his time to our own.
F)Marconi invented the idea of global communication—or,more straightforwardly,globally networked, mobile,wireless communication.Initially,this was wireless Morse code telegraphy(電報(bào)通訊),the principal communication technology of his day.Marconi was the first to develop a practical method for wireless telegraphy using radio waves.He borrowed technical details from many sources,but what set him apart was a self-confident vision of the power of communication technology on the one hand,and,on the other,of the steps that needed to be taken to consolidate his own position as a player in that field.Tracing Marconi's lifeline leads us into the story of modern communication itself.There were other important figures,but Marconi towered over them all in reach,power,and influence,as well as in the grip he had on the popular imagination of his time.Marconi was quite simply the central figure in the emergence of a moden understanding of communication
G)In his lifetime,Marconi foresaw the development of television and the fax machine,GPS,radar, and the portable hand-held telephone.Two months before he died,newspapers were reporting that he was working on a“death ray,"and that he had“killed a rat with an intricate device at a distance of three feet.”By then,anything Marconi said or did was newsworthy.Stock prices rose or sank according to his pronouncements.If Marconi said he thought it might rain,there was likely to be a run on umbrellas.
H)Marconi's biography is also a story about choices and the motivations behind them.At one level, Marconi could be fiercely autonomous and independent of the constraints of his own social class.On another scale,he was a perpetual outsider.Wherever he went,he was never“of”the group;he was always the “other,”considered foreign in Britain,British in Italy,and“not American”in the United States.At the same time,he also suffered tremendously from a need for acceptance that drove,and sometimesstained,every one of his relationships.
I)Marconi placed a permanent stamp on the way we live.He was the first person to imagine a practical application for the wireless spectrum,and to develop it successfully into a global communication system—in both terms of the word;that is,worldwide and all-inclusive.He was able to do this because of a combination of factors—most important,timing and opportunity—but the single-mindedness and determination with which he carried out his self-imposed mission was fundamentally character-based;millions of Marconi's contemporaries had the same class,gender, race,and colonial privilege as he,but ony a handful did anything with it.Marconi needed to achieve the goal that was set in his mind as an adolescent;by the time he reached adulthood,he understood,intuitively,that in order to have an impact he had to both develop an independent economic base and align himself with political power.Disciplined,uncritcal loyalty to political power becamehis compass for the choices he had to make.
J)At the same time,Marconi was uncompromisingly independent intellectually.Shortly after Marconi's death,the nuclear physicist Enrico Fermi—soon to be the developer of the Manhattan Project—wrote that Marconi proved that theory and experimentation were complementary features of progress.“Experience can rarely,unless guided by a theoretical concept,arrive at results ofany great significance...on the other hand,an excessive trust in theoretical conviction would have prevented Marconi from persisting in experiments which were destined to bring about a revolution in the technique of radio-communications.”In other words,Marconi had the advantage of not being burdened by preconceived assumptions.
K)The most controversial aspect of Marconi's life—and the reason why there has been no satisfying biography of Marconi until now—was his uncritical embrace of Benito Mussolini.At first this was not problematic for him.But as the regressive(倒退的)nature of Mussolini's regime became clear, he began to suffer a crisis of conscience.However,after a lifetime of moving within the circles of power,he was unable to break with authority,and served Mussolini faithfully(as president of Italy's national research council and royal academy,as well as a member of the Fascist Grand Council)until the day he died—conveniently—in 1937,shortly before he would have had to take a stand in the conflict that consumed a world that he had,in part,created.
36.Marconi was centralto our present-day understanding of communication.
37.As an adult,Marconi had an intuition that he had to be loyal to politicians in order to be influential.
38.Marconi disapproved of the use of wireless communication for commercial broadcasting.
39.Marconi's example demonstrates that theoretical concepts and experimentscomplement each other in making progress in science and technology.
40.Marconi's real interest lay in the development of worldwide wireless communication.
41.Marconi spent his whole life making wireless communication simple to use.
42.Because of his long-time connection with people in power,Marconiwas unable to cut himself off from the fascist regime in Italy.
43.In his later years,Marconi exerted a tremendous influence on all aspects of people's life
44.What connected the 19th century and our present time was the development of wireless communication.
45.Despite his autonomy,Marconi felt alienated and suffered from a lack of acceptance.
Section C
Directions:There are 2 passages in this section.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there arefour choices marked A),B),C)and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.
Humans are fascinated by the source of their failings and virtues.This preoccupation inevitably leads to an old debate:whether nature or nurture moulds us more.A revolution in genetics has poised this as a modern political question about the character of our society:if personalities are hard-wired into our genes,what can governments do to help us?It feels morally questionable,yet claims of genetic selection by intelligence are making headlines.
This is down to “hereditarian”(遺傳論的)science and a recent paper claimed“differences in exam performance between pupils attending selective and non-selective schools mirror the genetic differences between them”.With such an assertion,the work was predictably greeted by a lot of absurd claims about“genetics determining academic success”.What the research revealed was the rather less surprising result:the educational benefits of selective schools largely disappear once pupils'inborn ability and socio-economic background were taken into account.It is a glimpse of the blindingly obvious—and there's nothing to back strongly either a hereditary or environmental argument.
Yet the paper does say children are“unintentionally genetically selected”by the school system. Central to hereditarian science is a tall claim:that identifiable variations in genetic sequences can predict an individual's aptness to learn,reason and solve problems.This is problematic on many levels.A teacher could not seriously tell a parent their child has a low genetic tendency to study when external factors clearly exist.Unlike-minded academics say the inheritability of human traits is scientifically unsound.At best there is a weak statistical association and not a causal link between DNA and intelligence.Yet sophisticated statistics are used to create an intimidatory atmosphere of scientific certainty.
While there's an undoubted genetic basis to individual difference,it is wrong to think that socially defined groups can be genetically accounted for.The fixation on genes as destiny is surely false too.Medical predictability can rarely be based on DNA alone;the environment matters too.Something as complex as intellect is likely to be affected by many factors beyond genes.If hereditarians want to advance their causeit will require more balanced interpretation and not just acts of advocacy.
Genetic selection is a way of exerting influence overothers,“the ultimate collective control of human destinies,”as writer H.G.Wells put it.Knowledge becomes power and power requires a sense of responsibility.In understanding cognitive ability,we must not elevate discrimination to a science:allowing people to climb the ladder of life only as far as their cells might suggest.This will need a more sceptical eyeon the science.As technology progresses,we all have a dutyto make sure that we shape a future that we would want to find ourselves in.
46.What did a recent research paper claim?
A)The type of school students attend makes a difference to their future.
B)Genetic differences between students are far greater than supposed.
C)The advantages of selective schoolsare too obvious to ignore.
D)Students'academic performance is deermined by their genes.
47.What does the author think of the recent research?
A)Its result was questionable.
B)Its implication was positive.
C)Its influence was rather negligible.
D)Its conclusions were enlightening.
48.What does the author say aboutthe relationship between DNA and intelligence?
A)It is one of scientific certainty.
B)It is not one of causeand effect.
C)It is subject to interpretation of statistics.
D)It is not fully examined by gene scientists.
49.What do hereditarians need to do to make their claims convincing?
A)Take all relevant factors into account in interpreting their data.
B)Conduct their research using more sophisticated technology.
C)Gather gene data from people of all social classes.
D)Cooperate with social scientists inther research.
50.What does the author warm against in the passage?
A)Exaggerating the power of technology in shaping the world.
B)Losing sight of professional ethics in conducting research.
C)Misunderstanding the findings of human cognition research.
D)Promoting discrimination in the name of science.
Passage Two
Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.
Nicola Sturgeon's speech last Tuesday setting out the Scottish governments legislative programme for the year ahead confirmed what was already pretty clear.Scottish councils are set to be the first in the UK with the power to levy charges on visitors,with Edinburgh likely to lead the way.
Tourist taxes are notnew.The Himalayan kingdom of Bhutan has a longstanding policy of charging visitors a daily fee.France's tax on overnight stayswas introduced to assist thermal spa(溫泉)towns to develop,and around half of French local authorities use it today.
But such levies are on the rise.Moves by Barcelona and Venice to deal with the phenomenon of “over-tourism”through the use of charges have recently gained prominence.Japan and Greece are among the countries to have recently introduced tourist taxes.
That the UK lags behind is due to our weak,by international standards,local govemment,as well as the opposition to taxes and regulation of our aggressively pro-market ruling party.Some UK cities have lobbied without success for the power to levya charge on visitors.Such leviesare no universal remedy as the amounts raised would be tiny compared with what has been taken away by central government since 2010.Still,it is to be hoped that the Scottish government's bold move will prompt others to act.There is no reason why visitors to the UK,or domestic tourists on holiday in hotspots such as Cornwall,should be exempt from taxation—particularly when vital local services including waste collection,park maintenance and arts and culture spending are under unprecedented strain.
On the contrary,compellingtourists to make a financial contribution to the places they visit beyond their personal consumption should be part of a wider cultural shift.Westerners with disposable incomes have often behaved as if they have a right to go wherever they choose with little regard for the consequences.Just as the environmental harm caused by aviation and other transport must come under far greater scrutiny,the social cost of tourism must also beconfronted.This includes the impact of short-term lets on housing costs and quality of life for residents.Several European capitals,including Paris and Berlin,are leading a campaign for tougher regulation by the European Union.It also includes the impactof overcrowding,litter and the kinds ofbehaviour associated with noisy parties.
There is no“one-size-fits-all”solution to this problem.The existence of new revenue streams for some but not all councils is complicated,and businesses are often opposed,fearing higher costs will make them uncompetitive.But those places that want them must be given the chance to make tourist taxes work.
51.What do we learn from Nicola Sturgeon's speech?
A)The UK is set to adjust its policy on taxation
B)Tourists will haveto pay a tax to visit Scotland
C)The UK will take new measures to boost tourism.
D)Edinburgh contributes most to Scotland's tourism
52.How come the UK has been slow in imposing the touristtax?
A)Its government wants to attract more tourists.
B)The tax is unlikely to add much to its revenue.
C)Its ruling party is opposed to taxes and regulation.
D)It takes time for local governments to reach consensus.
53.Both international and domestic visitors in the UK should pay tourist tax so as to?
A)elevate its tourism to international standards
B)improve the welfare of its maintenance workers
C)promote its cultural exchange with other nations
D)ease its financial burden of providing local services
54.What does the authorsay about Western tourists?
A)They don't seem to care about the social cost of tourism.
B)They don't seem to mind paying for additional services.
C)They deem travel an important part of their life.
D)They subject the effects of tourism to scrutiny.
55.What are UK people's opinions about the levy of tourist tax?
A)Supportive
C)Skeptical.
B)Divided.
D)Unclear.
26.答案：F)investigated
解析：首段①句概述一項(xiàng)新研究的發(fā)現(xiàn)“澳大利亞兒童文學(xué)中所體現(xiàn)的文化包容性不足”?？崭袼冖诰渲校髡Z(yǔ)Dr.Helen Adam from...指向“某專家/研究者”;賓語(yǔ)the cultural diversity of children's books呼應(yīng)首句cultural inclusiveness reflected in the children's literature,指向“研究?jī)?nèi)容”?？梢?jiàn)，空格詞應(yīng)表示“調(diào)查/研究"等，以體現(xiàn)①②句間“研究結(jié)果”和“研究?jī)?nèi)容”的對(duì)應(yīng)，以及“先開(kāi)門見(jiàn)山，亮出研究結(jié)果—后具體論述，介紹研究?jī)?nèi)容”的開(kāi)篇方式，F(xiàn)項(xiàng)正確。
27.答案：E)housed
解析：首兩句已限定研究對(duì)象為“兒童文學(xué)/書(shū)籍(children's literature,children's books)”,空格句中inthe kindergarten rooms of four day-care centers(四家日托中心幼兒室)指向“兒量的活動(dòng)場(chǎng)所”?？梢?jiàn)空格詞應(yīng)表示“儲(chǔ)藏/陳列/使用”等，以使the books_____...of four day-care centers指向“童書(shū)”,E項(xiàng)符合要求。
28.答案：I)representation
解析：空格句指出，在共計(jì)2413本藏書(shū)中，只有18%包含非白人的_____。由常識(shí)可知，澳大利亞社會(huì)中，白人為主流族裔，非白人為少數(shù)族裔。再結(jié)合上文易推知，空格句是在以具體數(shù)據(jù)闡釋首句研究發(fā)現(xiàn)“澳大利亞兒童文學(xué)中所體現(xiàn)的文化包容性不足”,空格詞應(yīng)表示“描寫(xiě)/情節(jié)/事例”等，極少兒童書(shū)籍含有對(duì)少數(shù)族裔的描寫(xiě)=兒童文學(xué)的文化包容性不足，I項(xiàng)正確。
29.答案：H)portraying
解析：由句中for example可知，by...是在對(duì)主干部分Minority cultures...ways進(jìn)行舉例說(shuō)明。主干部分指出，少數(shù)族裔文化往往以模式化或象征性的方式呈現(xiàn)。by...中，Asian culture在澳大利亞屬于少數(shù)族裔文化，是Minority cultures中的一種：chopsticks and traditional dress是亞洲文化的標(biāo)志性元素，對(duì)應(yīng)stereotypical or tokenistic ways,可知空格詞應(yīng)與featured(以……為特色)近義，表示“描繪/表現(xiàn)”等，H項(xiàng)正確。注：此時(shí)，空28的答案也完全敲定，28、29兩空答案分別為：I)representation,H)portraying(二者雖基本含義相同，但語(yǔ)法功能不同)。
30.答案：K)secondary
解析：空格句指出，那些的確代表著(“do+動(dòng)詞原形”為強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu))少數(shù)族裔文化的人物通常在書(shū)中_____角色。聯(lián)系隨后一句“主角(main characters)大都是白人”可知_____roles應(yīng)意為“配角；次要角色”,K項(xiàng)正確，secondary role為固定搭配，表示“配角；次要角色”。
31.答案：C)bias
解析：第二段①句指出，孩子從很小的時(shí)候起便會(huì)形成對(duì)“差異”和身份的認(rèn)識(shí)。②句指出，已有證據(jù)表明，僅三個(gè)月大的孩子就開(kāi)始生成本族_____。聯(lián)系兩句可知，②句是對(duì)①句的例證，own-race_____應(yīng)與impressionsabout “difference”and identity屬同一個(gè)層面，空格詞應(yīng)與impressions屬同一范疇，表示“觀念；認(rèn)識(shí)”等。再瀏覽后文(③至⑤句并未設(shè)空、末句空格不影響整體理解)可發(fā)現(xiàn)，作者提出觀點(diǎn)“借助圖書(shū)可讓孩子消除種族偏見(jiàn)，了解其他種族、接受多樣性”。綜上可知空格所在句的深層內(nèi)涵：人們從小便會(huì)形成對(duì)本族文化的偏向/對(duì)外族文化的排斥，即形成種族偏見(jiàn)(但圖書(shū)有助于消除這種偏見(jiàn))。C項(xiàng)符合文意。
32.答案：B)appreciation
解析：空格句指出，這(This指⑤句“兒童發(fā)現(xiàn)自己與他人的共同點(diǎn)和不同點(diǎn)”)有助于培養(yǎng)對(duì)多樣性的理解、接受以及_____?？崭裨~應(yīng)與“理解”“接受”語(yǔ)義同向且進(jìn)一步升華，故空格詞應(yīng)表“欣賞/重視/宣傳”等，B項(xiàng)符合要求，“理解→接受→欣賞”體現(xiàn)對(duì)多樣性認(rèn)可度的逐步提升。
33.答案：G)overwhelming
解析：空格句指出，當(dāng)前對(duì)白人中產(chǎn)階級(jí)思想觀念及生活方式的_____宣傳(The currentpromotion of white middle-class ideas and lifestyles)會(huì)造成某種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，顯然promotion of white middle-classdeas and lifestyles應(yīng)是對(duì)前文內(nèi)容的概括?；乜幢径吻鞍氩糠?未設(shè)空，語(yǔ)義完整)發(fā)現(xiàn)主要從人口、語(yǔ)言、宗教、職業(yè)等方面凸顯澳大利亞的文化多樣性，無(wú)法與空格所在句的主語(yǔ)對(duì)應(yīng)。這時(shí)可認(rèn)識(shí)到空格句主語(yǔ)應(yīng)是在概述全文關(guān)注問(wèn)題“兒童文學(xué)大都以白種人為主角，對(duì)少數(shù)族裔文化的描寫(xiě)嚴(yán)重不足”,而上文的Just 18 percent of 2,413 books、The main characters were mostly Caucasian等凸顯了問(wèn)題的嚴(yán)重性——對(duì)白人文化的宣傳十分強(qiáng)勢(shì)/鋪天蓋地，G項(xiàng)符合文意。
34.答案：A)alienating
解析：空格句指出，當(dāng)前對(duì)白人中產(chǎn)階級(jí)思想觀念及生活方式的大肆宣傳會(huì)造成_____少數(shù)族裔兒童的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)?？崭裨~若為children的修飾限定成分，則應(yīng)體現(xiàn)使具有什么特征的少數(shù)族裔兒童遭受危險(xiǎn)；空格詞若構(gòu)成risks doing sth結(jié)構(gòu)，則應(yīng)說(shuō)明對(duì)少數(shù)族裔兒童造成什么樣的危害，為帶有消極色彩的-ing分詞，備選項(xiàng)中只有A項(xiàng)符合第二種可能，為正確項(xiàng)。注：由“上下文中并未提及少數(shù)族裔的特征或?qū)ι贁?shù)族裔進(jìn)行分類”可排除第一種可能，從而聚焦risks doing sth結(jié)構(gòu)。
35.答案：L)superiority
解析：空格所在句指出，這(This指⑥句“過(guò)度宣傳白人文化、孤立少數(shù)族裔兒童”)會(huì)給予白人中產(chǎn)子弟一種_____或特權(quán)感。首先，a sense of_____應(yīng)是一種與“特權(quán)感(a sense of privilege)”相近的感覺(jué)；其次，首段末句提到，兒童文學(xué)以描寫(xiě)白人為主會(huì)導(dǎo)向“白人更重要”的印象(an impression that whiteness is of greater value),空格詞應(yīng)與of greater value近義；最后，根據(jù)常識(shí)可知，對(duì)白人文化的宣傳勢(shì)必助長(zhǎng)白人的優(yōu)越感。綜上三條線索，空格詞應(yīng)表“優(yōu)越/尊貴/特殊”等，L項(xiàng)符合文意。
36.答案：F
解析：F段末句總結(jié)指出馬可尼對(duì)于通信的現(xiàn)代化理解的重要作用：堪稱這一現(xiàn)代化理解過(guò)程中的中心人物。試題是對(duì)該句的同義改寫(xiě)，其中was central to“對(duì)……極為重要”是對(duì)句中強(qiáng)調(diào)式表達(dá)wasquite simply the central figure的同義改述，present-day則同義改寫(xiě)modern。
37.答案：I
解析：I段④⑤句指出，成年后的馬可尼直覺(jué)上感知到，要想讓自己有影響力(以實(shí)現(xiàn)少年時(shí)期立下的全球通信目標(biāo)),就得有獨(dú)立的經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)以及雄厚的政治支持，要與政治權(quán)力結(jié)盟，并無(wú)條件地忠誠(chéng)于政治權(quán)勢(shì)。試題是對(duì)此兩句的核心語(yǔ)義“忠于政治權(quán)勢(shì)(以獲得雄厚政治支持)是獲得影響力的前提條件”的同義改寫(xiě)，其中be loyal to politicians是④句align himself with political power、⑤句Disciplined,uncriticalloyalty to political power所展示的語(yǔ)義場(chǎng)的概括。
38.答案：D
解析：D段③句指出一些人的看法；馬可尼因商業(yè)廣播的出現(xiàn)而失去了優(yōu)勢(shì)，因?yàn)樗麤](méi)有意識(shí)到無(wú)線電廣播可適用于或應(yīng)該運(yùn)用于一些無(wú)聊的商業(yè)活動(dòng)中。④向進(jìn)而介紹馬可尼對(duì)商業(yè)廣播的強(qiáng)烈譴責(zé)態(tài)度：僅進(jìn)行單向溝通，而雙向溝通才是應(yīng)有之勢(shì)。試題是對(duì)兩句的提煉總括，其中disapproved是對(duì)文中didn't see...should、deplored所傳遞的“不贊成；譴責(zé)”之意的綜合概括。
39.答案：J
解析：J段②③句援引核物理學(xué)家Enrico Fermi之言指出，馬可尼(一生的研究事例)證實(shí)了理論和實(shí)驗(yàn)是進(jìn)步的兩大互補(bǔ)特征，他一生的研究工作踐行了“理論與實(shí)踐相結(jié)合，才能推動(dòng)科技進(jìn)步”這一原則。試題是對(duì)該內(nèi)容的概括，其中demonstrates契合②句中proved所體現(xiàn)的“印證；說(shuō)明；證實(shí)”之意。
40.答案：C
解析：C段③句介紹馬可尼唯一真正感興趣的事情：將移動(dòng)通信、個(gè)人通信、遠(yuǎn)距離通信延伸至地球盡頭。試題是對(duì)該句的濃縮提煉，其中mobile,personal,long-distance communication的內(nèi)涵即為wireless communication,the extension of...to the endsof the earth對(duì)應(yīng)worldwide,故馬爾尼真正的興趣可提煉為“發(fā)展全球無(wú)線通信”。
41.答案：E
解析：E段首句介紹馬可尼的終身追求“讓無(wú)線通信變得廉價(jià)、高效、順暢，讓用戶感到簡(jiǎn)單易懂、好操作”。試題是對(duì)后半部分的提煉概括，其中spent his whole life making..恰當(dāng)傳遞was devoted to 的“傾力奉獻(xiàn)、全情投入”之意，simple to use恰當(dāng)概括了intuitive...the user、user-friendly的內(nèi)在含義。
42.答案：K
解析：K段④句指出馬可尼對(duì)墨索里尼法西斯政權(quán)的最終選擇“無(wú)法割舍，繼續(xù)效忠”,并說(shuō)明原因“長(zhǎng)期陷于權(quán)力圈之中”。試題是對(duì)該內(nèi)容的同義改寫(xiě)，Because of是對(duì)原文after...he was unableto...暗含的因果關(guān)聯(lián)的明確。
43.答案：G
解析：G段③句指出，馬可尼晚年所說(shuō)或所做的事情均具有新聞價(jià)值(也即影響力),④⑤句以“股票漲落”和“雨傘哄搶”展現(xiàn)馬可尼對(duì)人們生活不同方面的影響。試題是對(duì)此三句信息的概括。
44.答案：B
解析：B段首兩句指出如今的全球網(wǎng)絡(luò)媒體和通信系統(tǒng)起源于19世紀(jì)，③句進(jìn)一步指出連接起那時(shí)(then回指19th century)和當(dāng)下的就是無(wú)線通信的發(fā)展。試題是對(duì)③句的同義改寫(xiě)。
45.答案：H
解析：H段②至④句表明，馬可尼雖擁有不受社會(huì)階層限制的自主權(quán)，卻總不被群體接納。⑤句進(jìn)一步指出“不被接納”帶給馬可尼的痛苦。試題是對(duì)此四句大意的概括，alienated是對(duì)文中a perpetualoutsider,never “of"the group,the “other”內(nèi)涵的準(zhǔn)確概括。
46.[定位]本題考查論文觀點(diǎn)。由題干a recentresearch paper定位至第二段①向(a recent paper claimed...)。
[答案解析]D。該段①句指出論文觀點(diǎn)“學(xué)生的考試成績(jī)差異反映出他們的基因差異”,②句進(jìn)而描述其引發(fā)的類似言論“遺傳特征決定學(xué)業(yè)成功”,可見(jiàn)D項(xiàng)正確。該項(xiàng)是對(duì)②句genetics determining academicsuccess的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，明確了①句mirror(反映)一詞傳達(dá)的“考試成績(jī)”與“基因”之間的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系。
47.[定位]本題考查作者對(duì)新近研究的看法。由題干中What...the author think定位至第二段②③④句(the rather less surprising result、greetedby a lot of absurd claims、aglimpse of the blindingly obvious、there's nothing to back strongly...a hereditary...argument)。
[答案解析]A。第二段①句首先指出新近研究的觀點(diǎn)：基因決定學(xué)生成績(jī)。②③④句分析作者對(duì)此的看法：招致了大量荒謬言論，所揭示的結(jié)果也并不出奇，透露的是極為明顯的事實(shí)，遺傳決定論并無(wú)有力證據(jù)支持。由此可見(jiàn)，作者認(rèn)為這項(xiàng)新近研究的結(jié)果有問(wèn)題。故A項(xiàng)正確，同時(shí)排除竄改語(yǔ)義色彩的D項(xiàng)。[排除干擾]B項(xiàng)對(duì)②句greeted by望文生義，但句中g(shù)reeted取僻義“對(duì)(某事)做出反應(yīng)”,并非褒義，而且其后a lot of absurd claims明確指出其不良影響“導(dǎo)致大量的荒謬言論出現(xiàn)”。C項(xiàng)由③句中rather less surprising “(研究結(jié)果)更不怎么出奇”主觀臆斷出“論文的影響很小”,但明顯與②句“該論文引發(fā)了大量荒謬言論”不符。
48.[定位]本題考查作者對(duì)“DNA和智力的關(guān)系”的看法。結(jié)合試題命制順序及題干關(guān)鍵詞therelationship between DNA and intelligence可快速定位至第三段倒數(shù)第二句(association...link between DNAand intelligence)。注：上文多處出現(xiàn)DNA、intelligence相關(guān)詞匯，但claims、a...claim提示這些論述均屬他人觀點(diǎn)，并非作者觀點(diǎn)。
[答案解析]B。第三段倒數(shù)第二句指出“DNA和智力只有以統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)表明的微弱關(guān)聯(lián)，并無(wú)因果關(guān)系”,B項(xiàng)中cause and effect意為“原因和結(jié)果”,是對(duì)⑥句a causal link的同義改寫(xiě)，故正確。
49.[定位]本題考查遺傳論者增強(qiáng)自身觀點(diǎn)可信性的方法。由hereditarians、make their claims convincing 可定位至第四段末句(If hereditarians want to advance their cause)。
[答案解析]A。末句指出“遺傳論者若想推進(jìn)其事業(yè)，就要考量影響智力的各種因素，做出更為全面公正的解讀，而不應(yīng)利用統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)一味鼓吹夸大基因的作用”。A項(xiàng)Take all relevant factors into account體現(xiàn)末句more balanced傳遞的“綜合平衡各種因素，全面解讀數(shù)據(jù)”之意。
50.[定位]本題考查作者反對(duì)的做法。由題干中warn against可定位至末段③句(we must not...)。
[答案解析]D。③向明確指出：切勿將歧視抬升為科學(xué)。言外之意即為，不要以科學(xué)為名助長(zhǎng)歧視，D項(xiàng)是對(duì)句中elevate discrimination to a science的同義改寫(xiě)。
51.[定位]本題考查“妮古拉·斯特金的講話內(nèi)容”,根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Nicola Sturgcon's specch定位至首段。
[答案解析]B。首段①句首先指出妮古拉·斯特金的講話關(guān)乎蘇格蘭政府未來(lái)一年的立法計(jì)劃，②句隨即指出蘇格蘭政府將對(duì)游客征收稅費(fèi)，愛(ài)丁堡可能走在最前面。可見(jiàn)，到蘇格蘭旅游的游客將需要交稅。B項(xiàng)同義改寫(xiě)Scottish councils are set to...to levy charges on visitors。
52.[定位]本題考查因果細(xì)節(jié)“英國(guó)遲遲不開(kāi)征旅游稅的原因”,由題干關(guān)鍵詞the UK、slow in imposingthe tourist tax可定位到第四段(the UK lags behind is due to...as well as...)。
[答案解析]C。第四段①句指出，英國(guó)之所以在征收旅游稅上落后于他國(guó)，一是因?yàn)槠鋱?zhí)政黨反對(duì)征規(guī)與政府管控，二是因?yàn)榈胤秸噍^軟弱無(wú)力。C項(xiàng)同義替換文中the opposition to taxes and regulation ofour aggressively pro-market ruling party。
53.[定位]本題考查因果細(xì)節(jié)“英國(guó)為何應(yīng)該開(kāi)征旅游稅”。由題干關(guān)鍵信息可定位至第四段末句(There is no reason why visitors to the UK,or domestie tourists...should be exempt from taxation)。
[答案解析]D。第四段末句指出，英國(guó)的國(guó)內(nèi)外游客均沒(méi)有理由免稅，尤其是在至關(guān)重要的當(dāng)?shù)胤?wù)(包括垃圾收集、公園維護(hù)以及藝術(shù)與文化支出)面臨前所未有的壓力的情況下。換言之，如果對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)外游客征收旅游稅，就可以減輕因提供當(dāng)?shù)胤?wù)而帶來(lái)的財(cái)政負(fù)擔(dān)，故D項(xiàng)正確。
54.[定位]本題考查“與西方游客相關(guān)的內(nèi)容”。由題干Westerntourists定位至第五段②句(Westerners)。
[答案解析]A。第五段②句指出西方游客的表現(xiàn)：有權(quán)去任何想去的地方，卻很少考慮因此造成的后果。聯(lián)系①句“正如航空等交通方式所造成的環(huán)境危害必須受到正視一樣，旅游業(yè)的社會(huì)成本(即社會(huì)環(huán)境危害等)也必須得到正視”可知，西方游客往往很少考慮旅游的社會(huì)成本，故A項(xiàng)正確。
55.[定位]本題考查人物態(tài)度“英國(guó)各界人士對(duì)征收旅游稅的態(tài)度”。結(jié)合試題命制題文同序原則以及題干關(guān)鍵詞UK people's opinions可定位至第六段(councils、businesses)。
[答案解析]B。第六段首句指出，對(duì)上述問(wèn)題(是否征收旅游稅)沒(méi)有一刀切的解決辦法。②③句詳細(xì)說(shuō)明首句，部分地方議會(huì)(政界人士)態(tài)度復(fù)雜，商界人士反對(duì)，部分地區(qū)需要/支持?？芍?，英國(guó)各界人士對(duì)征收旅游稅的意見(jiàn)并不統(tǒng)一，存在巨大分歧，B項(xiàng)正確。
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