養(yǎng)狗和養(yǎng)貓，哪家主人更幸福？科學(xué)家這樣回答

你家養(yǎng)寵物嗎?養(yǎng)的是喵星人還是汪星人?或者，你只是一個(gè)“云養(yǎng)貓/狗”愛(ài)好者?

之前有研究稱，養(yǎng)寵物有利于家庭幸福，而且還對(duì)寵物主人的事業(yè)有幫助。最近又有科學(xué)研究證實(shí)，養(yǎng)狗人士比養(yǎng)貓人士幸福感更強(qiáng)。

In 2018, the General Social Survey for the first time included a battery of questions on pet ownership. The findings not only quantified the nation’s pet population — nearly 6 in 10 households have at least one —they made it possible to see how pet ownership overlaps with all sorts of factors of interest to social scientists.

2018年，美國(guó)《綜合社會(huì)調(diào)查》首次納入一系列關(guān)于飼養(yǎng)寵物的問(wèn)題。其研究結(jié)果量化了美國(guó)的寵物數(shù)量——將近60%家庭至少擁有一只寵物，也使人們得以一窺飼養(yǎng)寵物與社會(huì)學(xué)家關(guān)心的各種因素之間有哪些交集。

a battery of：一連串，一系列

overlap[??v?'læp]：vi.部分重疊;部分的同時(shí)發(fā)生

Like happiness.

比如幸福感。

For starters, there is little difference between pet owners and non-owners when it comes to happiness, the survey shows. The two groups are statistically indistinguishable on the likelihood of identifying as “very happy” (a little over 30 percent) or “not too happy” (in the mid-teens).

調(diào)查顯示，首先，養(yǎng)寵物的人與不養(yǎng)寵物的人在幸福感方面幾乎毫無(wú)區(qū)別。在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)上，這兩個(gè)組別在認(rèn)定自己“非常幸福”的比例(略超過(guò)30%)或“不太幸福”的比例(15%左右)方面，幾乎沒(méi)有區(qū)別。

But when you break the data down by pet type — cats, dogs or both — a stunning divide emerges: Dog owners are about twice as likely as cat owners to say they’re very happy, with people owning both falling somewhere in between.

但是，如果按飼養(yǎng)寵物的種類來(lái)細(xì)分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)(養(yǎng)貓、養(yǎng)狗或兩者都養(yǎng))，就會(huì)出現(xiàn)一個(gè)驚人差異：養(yǎng)狗人士認(rèn)為自己很幸福的可能性是養(yǎng)貓人士的兩倍，而同時(shí)養(yǎng)這兩種寵物的人自認(rèn)幸福的比例則介于兩者之間。

Dog people, in other words, are slightly happier than those without any pets. Those in the cat camp, on the other hand, are significantly less happy than the pet-less. And having both appears to cancel each other out happiness-wise.

換句話說(shuō)，養(yǎng)狗人士比不養(yǎng)寵物的人要更快樂(lè)一些。而養(yǎng)貓人士比不養(yǎng)寵物的人更不快樂(lè)。而同時(shí)養(yǎng)這兩種寵物會(huì)讓這兩種效應(yīng)抵消。

These differences are quite large: The happiness divide between dog and cat owners is bigger than the one between people who identify as middle and upper class, and nearly as large as the gap between those who say they’re in “fair” versus “good or excellent” health.

這些差異非常明顯：養(yǎng)狗人士和養(yǎng)貓人士之間的幸福感差異比中產(chǎn)階層和上流社會(huì)之間的幸福感差異還要大，類似于說(shuō)自己健康“尚可”和“非?；驑O其健康”之間的差異。

However, correlation doesn’t equal causation, and there are probably a number of other differences between dog and cat owners that account for some of the differences. The General Social Survey data show that dog owners, for instance, are more likely to be married and own their own homes than cat owners, both factors known to affect happiness and life satisfaction.

然而，相關(guān)性并不等于因果關(guān)系，養(yǎng)狗人士與養(yǎng)貓人士之間的幸福感差異可能還有其他方面的原因。例如，調(diào)查顯示，與養(yǎng)貓人士相比，養(yǎng)狗人士已婚并擁有自己住房的可能性較大。一般認(rèn)為，這兩個(gè)因素都會(huì)影響幸福感和生活滿意度。

causation [k??'ze??(?)n]：n.原因;因果關(guān)系

Previous research on this topic yielded mixed results. In 2006, the Pew Research Center found no significant differences in happiness between pet owners and non-pet owners, or cat and dog owners. However, that survey did not distinguish between people who owned “only” a dog or a cat, and those who owned “either” a dog or a cat, potentially muddying the distinctions between exclusive dog and cat owners.

此前關(guān)于這一問(wèn)題的研究得出了復(fù)雜的結(jié)果。2006年，皮尤研究中心發(fā)現(xiàn)，養(yǎng)寵物的人和不養(yǎng)寵物的人，以及養(yǎng)狗人士和養(yǎng)貓人士之間的幸福感沒(méi)有明顯不同。然而，該項(xiàng)研究沒(méi)有區(qū)分“只有”一只狗或一只貓，以及養(yǎng)了一只狗或者一只貓的人們，這可能會(huì)把只養(yǎng)了狗和只養(yǎng)了貓的人們之間的區(qū)別搞混。

A 2016 study of dog and cat owners, on the other hand, yielded greater happiness ratings for dog owners relative to cat people. It attributed the contrast, at least in part, to differences in personality: Dog owners tended to be more agreeable, more extroverted and less neurotic than cat owners. And a 2015 study linked the presence of a cat in the home to fewer negative emotions, but not necessarily an increase in positive ones.

另一方面，2016年關(guān)于養(yǎng)狗人士和養(yǎng)貓人士的一項(xiàng)研究得出結(jié)論稱，養(yǎng)狗人士的幸福感比養(yǎng)貓人士更強(qiáng)，部分原因是個(gè)性的不同：相比而言，養(yǎng)狗人士更加和藹可親、更外向、更不易神經(jīng)質(zhì)。2015年的一項(xiàng)研究認(rèn)為，養(yǎng)貓人士更少出現(xiàn)負(fù)面情緒，但不一定會(huì)導(dǎo)致積極情緒的增加。

neurotic [nj??'r?t?k]：adj.神經(jīng)過(guò)敏的;神經(jīng)病的

Other research makes the case that some of the pet-happiness relationship is causal, at least when it comes to canines. A 2013 study found, for instance, that dog owners are more likely to engage in outdoor physical activity than people who don’t own dogs, with obvious benefits for health and happiness.

另有一項(xiàng)研究證實(shí)，寵物與幸福感之間的某些聯(lián)系是有因果關(guān)系的，至少對(duì)養(yǎng)狗來(lái)說(shuō)是這樣。例如，2013年的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，與不養(yǎng)狗的人們相比，養(yǎng)狗人士更可能參與戶外運(yùn)動(dòng)，這顯然對(duì)健康和幸福感有好處。

Research also has shown that dog owners are more likely than other folks to form friendships with people in their neighborhoods on the basis of the random encounters that happen when they’re out walking their pets. Those social connections likely contribute to greater well-being among dog owners.

調(diào)查還顯示，養(yǎng)狗人士更可能在遛狗時(shí)與社區(qū)里偶遇的遛狗人成為朋友。這種社交聯(lián)系可能會(huì)給他們帶來(lái)更強(qiáng)烈的幸福感。

The General Social Survey also asked a number of questions about how people interact with their pets, and the answers may also explain some of the happiness gap. Dog owners, for instance, are more likely to seek comfort from their pet in times of stress, more likely to play with their pet, and more likely to consider their pet a member of their family. Those differences suggest a stronger social bond with their pets, which could create a greater sense of well-being.

《綜合社會(huì)調(diào)查》還詢問(wèn)了一些關(guān)于人們與寵物互動(dòng)的問(wèn)題，這些答案或許可以解釋幸福感的某些差異。例如，養(yǎng)狗人士更有可能在承受壓力時(shí)向?qū)櫸飳で蟀参?、更有可能與寵物玩耍，也更有可能將寵物視為家庭一員。這些差異表明，他們與寵物間的社交紐帶更緊密，而這可以帶來(lái)更強(qiáng)的幸福感。

Stepping away from the data, cat owners might protest that ownership isn’t about “happiness” at all: There’s something about felines that is grander and more mysterious — something that can’t be captured in a public opinion poll.

拋開(kāi)這些數(shù)據(jù)不談，養(yǎng)貓人士可能會(huì)辯稱養(yǎng)貓根本不是為了“幸福”。貓身上有更偉大更神秘的特質(zhì)---公開(kāi)的民意調(diào)查無(wú)法捕捉到的特質(zhì)。

“A cat has absolute emotional honesty,” as Ernest Hemingway put it. “Human beings, for one reason or another, may hide their feelings, but a cat does not.”

正如歐內(nèi)斯特-海明威所說(shuō)：“貓?jiān)谇楦蟹矫娼^對(duì)誠(chéng)實(shí)，人類往往由于某種原因隱藏自己的感情，而貓卻不會(huì)。”