提前退休竟然不是一件好事

It’s hard to think of an early retirement as anything other than a positive. Who wouldn’t want to trade in their suit and tie for a pair of beach shorts? While retiring ahead of schedule may be easier on the body, a new set of research has found that it may not be so beneficial for the mind.

很難想象提前退休竟然不是一件好事。誰不想把西裝領(lǐng)帶換成沙灘短褲呢?盡管提前退休會(huì)讓你的身體更加輕松，但一項(xiàng)新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，提前退休可能對(duì)大腦不是那么有益。

The study, conducted at Binghamton University, finds that an early retirement can accelerate the usual rate of cognitive decline among the elderly.

一項(xiàng)由賓漢頓大學(xué)開展的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，提前退休會(huì)加速老年人認(rèn)知能力的衰退。

The research team analyzed China’s new rural pension scheme (NRPS), as well as China’s most recent Retirement Longitudinal Survey (CHARLS), in order to investigate the effects of early retirement and pension benefits on individual cognition among adults over the age of 60. For reference, CHARLS is a representative national survey of China’s population over the age of 45 that tests respondents regarding mental cognition, episodic memory, and overall mental wellbeing.

為了研究提前退休和養(yǎng)老金福利對(duì)60歲以上老年人個(gè)體認(rèn)知的影響，研究團(tuán)隊(duì)分析了中國的新型農(nóng)村養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)和中國最新的退休縱向調(diào)查。其中，退休縱向調(diào)查是對(duì)中國45歲以上人群進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)具有代表性的全國性調(diào)查，旨在測試受訪者的心理認(rèn)知、情景記憶和總體心理健康水平。

Life expectancy rates in China have steadily increased over the past few decades, coinciding with a decline in fertility. These two trends have resulted in a large elderly population in the Asian nation, subsequently creating an urgent need for more robust pension programs.

在過去的幾十年里，中國人的預(yù)期壽命一直在穩(wěn)步增長，同時(shí)生育率也在下降。這兩種趨勢導(dǎo)致了中國的大量人口老齡化，隨之產(chǎn)生了社會(huì)對(duì)更強(qiáng)有力的養(yǎng)老金計(jì)劃的迫切需求。

After going over all of the data, the research team noted a clear trend: individuals receiving pension benefits were experiencing much more rapid mental decline than their counterparts still on the workforce. The most prominent indicator of mental decline among retirees was delayed recall, a trait widely considered to be an accurate predictor of dementia. Surprisingly, females seemed to experience even sharper mental decline after retiring early. Overall, the results support the hypothesis that decreased mental activity accelerates cognitive decline.

在查閱了所有的數(shù)據(jù)之后，研究團(tuán)隊(duì)注意到了一個(gè)明顯的趨勢：領(lǐng)取養(yǎng)老金的個(gè)人所經(jīng)歷的智力下降速度比仍在工作的人快得多。退休人員智力下降最顯著的特征是記憶延遲，這一特征被廣泛認(rèn)為是癡呆癥的準(zhǔn)確預(yù)測指標(biāo)。令人驚訝的是，女性在提前退休后似乎智力衰退更嚴(yán)重?？偟膩碚f，研究結(jié)果支持了腦力活動(dòng)減少會(huì)加速認(rèn)知能力下降的假設(shè)。

"Individuals in the areas that implement the NRPS score considerably lower than individuals who live in areas that do not offer the NRPS program,” says study author and assistant professor economics Plamen Nikolov in a release. “Over the almost 10 years since its implementation, the program led to a decline in cognitive performance by as high as almost a fifth of a standard deviation on the memory measures we examine.”

研究報(bào)告的作者、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)助理教授普拉門·尼科洛夫在一份新聞稿中說道：“在新農(nóng)保實(shí)施的地區(qū)，老年個(gè)體的得分遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于那些沒有實(shí)施新農(nóng)保地區(qū)的人。在該計(jì)劃實(shí)施后的近10年里，我們檢測到老年人的認(rèn)知能力比標(biāo)準(zhǔn)水平下降了近五分之一。”

This study’s findings were similar to previous research that had focused on the impact of retirement on elderly individuals living in the United States, England, and the European Union. So, this is hardly a trend limited to Asia.

這項(xiàng)研究的結(jié)果與先前關(guān)于退休對(duì)美國、英國和歐盟地區(qū)老年人影響的一項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果相似，因此，這種趨勢并不僅限于亞洲。

Nikolov had actually conducted previous studies that found retirement led to a number of positive physical health benefits for retirees, such as improved sleep patterns, less stress, and reduced alcohol consumption. However, retirement is also usually accompanied with a decline in social activities and less overall interaction with people, which has also been linked to cognitive decline.

實(shí)際上，尼科洛夫之前的研究表明，退休對(duì)退休人員的身體健康有一些好處，比如改善睡眠模式、減少壓力和飲酒量。然而，退休通常也伴隨著社交活動(dòng)和人際交往的減少，這也與認(rèn)知能力的下降有關(guān)。

"For cognition among the elderly, it looks like the negative effect on social engagement far outweighed the positive effect of the program on nutrition and sleep,” Nikolov theorizes.

尼科洛夫總結(jié)道：“在老年人的認(rèn)知方面，退休所導(dǎo)致的社交活動(dòng)方面的負(fù)面影響遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過了營養(yǎng)和睡眠方面的正面影響。”

The research team are hopeful that their findings will be considered by older adults when mulling retirement. They recommend instituting social get-togethers and work shops for recent retirees to help lessen the predicted decline in social interaction and critical thinking that often comes along with retirement.

研究團(tuán)隊(duì)希望他們的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)能夠在老年人計(jì)劃退休時(shí)得到考慮。他們建議為剛退休的老年人建立社交聚會(huì)和研習(xí)會(huì)，以幫助緩解預(yù)期的社會(huì)互動(dòng)減少和退休后批判性思考減少所帶來的影響。