為什么我的過(guò)敏會(huì)隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)而改變?

為什么我的過(guò)敏會(huì)隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)而改變?

If we were to sum up allergies with an emoji, it’d be a shrug. We know so little about them, and yet tens of millions of Americans experience allergies of some kind or another throughout their lives.

如果我們用一個(gè)表情符號(hào)來(lái)總結(jié)過(guò)敏，那就是聳肩。我們對(duì)它們知之甚少，但仍有成千上萬(wàn)的人在他們的一生中經(jīng)歷著這樣或那樣的過(guò)敏。

But there is some positive news for allergy sufferers everywhere.

但對(duì)各地的過(guò)敏患者來(lái)說(shuō)，有一些好消息。

The only good thing about getting older is that?,? in many cases, allergies are less prevalent, says Clifford Bassett, medical director of Allergy & Asthma Care of NY and an allergy specialist at New York University. Changes inside and outside our bodies as we age affect the way we react to potential irritants from ragweed to crab to dogs. Why? Well, that's a little more complicated, and there's more than one possible reason that your allergy status just switched.

“變老的唯一好處是，在很多情況下，過(guò)敏不那么普遍了。”紐約過(guò)敏與哮喘護(hù)理中心的醫(yī)學(xué)主任、紐約大學(xué)(New York University)過(guò)敏癥專(zhuān)家克利福德·巴塞特(Clifford Bassett)說(shuō)。隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)，我們體內(nèi)外的變化會(huì)影響我們對(duì)豚草，螃蟹到狗等潛在刺激物的反應(yīng)方式。為什么?這就有點(diǎn)復(fù)雜了，你的過(guò)敏狀況改變的原因可能不止一個(gè)。

You outgrew it

你長(zhǎng)大了

Around 60 to 80 percent of kids with milk and egg allergies outgrow them by age 16. Only 20 percent of kids with peanut allergies do so, and only 14 percent of those allergic to tree nuts. Just 4 or 5 percent outgrow a shellfish allergy.

大約60%到80%對(duì)牛奶和雞蛋過(guò)敏的孩子到16歲就會(huì)痊愈。對(duì)花生過(guò)敏的孩子中只有20%會(huì)痊愈，而對(duì)樹(shù)堅(jiān)果過(guò)敏的孩子中只有14%會(huì)痊愈。只有4%或5%的人不再對(duì)貝類(lèi)過(guò)敏。

Why? Unfortunately, the answer is that we mostly have no idea. We know some general associations—the earlier a child has an adverse reaction to food, the more like they are to outgrow it—but scientists don't yet understand why some kids age out of their reactions and others don't. We do know that early exposure to small amounts of food allergens, especially peanuts, helps prevent allergies in the first place. But we have no idea how to actively reverse them once they happen. If you get allergies as a kid, you just have to wait and see if your tolerances change in the future.

為什么?不幸的是，答案是我們大多不知道。我們知道一些普遍的關(guān)聯(lián)——孩子對(duì)食物的不良反應(yīng)越早，他們長(zhǎng)大后就越有可能克服——但是科學(xué)家們還不明白為什么有些孩子對(duì)食物的不良反應(yīng)早于其他孩子。我們知道，早期接觸少量食物過(guò)敏原，尤其是花生，有助于預(yù)防過(guò)敏。但我們不知道一旦它們發(fā)生，如何積極地逆轉(zhuǎn)它們。如果你小時(shí)候有過(guò)敏癥，你只需要等待，看看你的耐受性在未來(lái)是否會(huì)改變。

One of the few things researchers have observed is that there does seem to be a time limit to ridding yourself of childhood allergies—if you haven’t outgrown an allergy by your teens, you’re likely to have it for life.

研究人員觀察到的為數(shù)不多的事情之一是，擺脫兒童過(guò)敏似乎是有時(shí)間限制的——如果你在十幾歲時(shí)還沒(méi)有擺脫過(guò)敏，你很可能會(huì)終生過(guò)敏。

You're moving to new places

你搬到了新的地方

Allergies, especially the seasonal variety, can change a lot over a lifetime, but it might not have anything to do with your body. Every place you live has its own set of allergens, so moving from one town to the next will likely change your allergies too. Teens moving out of their parents' houses or adults changing jobs may experience a sudden surge of allergies, or sweet, sneeze-less relief.

過(guò)敏，尤其是季節(jié)性過(guò)敏，在人的一生中會(huì)發(fā)生很多變化，但它可能與你的身體沒(méi)有任何關(guān)系。你住的每個(gè)地方都有自己的過(guò)敏原，所以從一個(gè)城鎮(zhèn)搬到另一個(gè)城鎮(zhèn)可能也會(huì)改變你的過(guò)敏反應(yīng)。從父母家里搬出來(lái)的青少年或換工作的成年人可能會(huì)突然出現(xiàn)過(guò)敏癥狀，或出現(xiàn)愉快的、打噴嚏少的癥狀。

It also takes time to become allergic to things. You may not feel a reaction to ragweed during your first summer in Tennessee, but have a full-blown allergy the next. That’s because you became sensitized one year and reacted the next. Similarly, you may visit someone with a dog and seem fine, but sneeze constantly the next time you hang out at their home.

對(duì)事物過(guò)敏也需要時(shí)間。在田納西州的第一個(gè)夏天，你可能對(duì)豚草沒(méi)有任何反應(yīng)，但在接下來(lái)的一個(gè)夏天，你就會(huì)完全過(guò)敏。那是因?yàn)槟阋荒曜兊妹舾?，第二年就反?yīng)了。同樣的，你可能會(huì)帶著狗去拜訪(fǎng)某人，看起來(lái)很好，但是下次你在他們家玩的時(shí)候，你可能會(huì)不停的打噴嚏。

You're just allergy-prone

你只是容易過(guò)敏

Some people are just unlucky. Again, we have no idea why, but clearly a subset of humans have immune systems primed to identify allergens as potential dangers, giving those poor folks a whole host of allergies while others go sneeze-free. People with one allergy are far more likely to develop another, and as far as we can tell there's no way to avoid that unless you prevent exposure altogether. And since most of us don't want to live in bubbles, that means allergy-prone folks are likely to suffer the sniffles their whole lives.

有些人就是不走運(yùn)。同樣，我們也不知道為什么，但很明顯，一部分人的免疫系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)準(zhǔn)備好識(shí)別潛在危險(xiǎn)的過(guò)敏原，當(dāng)其他人都不打噴嚏的時(shí)候，這些人卻對(duì)很多東西過(guò)敏。有一種過(guò)敏的人更有可能發(fā)展另一種過(guò)敏，據(jù)我們所知，除非你完全避免接觸，否則無(wú)法避免。因?yàn)槲覀兇蠖鄶?shù)人都不想生活在泡泡里，這就意味著容易過(guò)敏的人可能一生都要忍受鼻塞的折磨。

This is distinct, however, from atopy. Atopy is a genetic predisposition to acquiring allergies that essentially means that nearly everything you come in contact with allergen-wise will become a full-blown allergy. Getting a dog? You’ll be allergic soon. Moving house? Enjoy the new outdoor allergies. Atopic people are also more likely to have eczema and asthma. Corticosteroids can sometimes help, as can allergy shots, but it’s still often a lifelong affliction.

然而，這與特異反應(yīng)是不同的。特異反應(yīng)性是一種遺傳易感性，本質(zhì)上意味著幾乎所有你接觸到的過(guò)敏原都會(huì)變成全面過(guò)敏。養(yǎng)狗?您很快就會(huì)過(guò)敏。搬家?享受新的戶(hù)外過(guò)敏。特應(yīng)癥患者更容易得濕疹和哮喘。皮質(zhì)類(lèi)固醇有時(shí)會(huì)有幫助，過(guò)敏針也會(huì)有幫助，但它仍然是一種終生的折磨。

Your body is changing

你的身體在變化

The link between hormones and allergies haven't been well studied, but some small studies and anecdotal evidence suggest that your immune system can shift a bit in response to hormonal changes. Like nearly everything hormone-related, this affects people with menstrual cycles the most. "In women, the effect of hormones?,? such as estrogen?,? may lead to ?a ?worsening of their asthma during different? times of the menstrual cycle," explains Bassett. Puberty, pregnancy, and menopause are also commonly times of allergic change—at least anecdotally, since few studies on the subject exist in the literature. Asthma symptoms definitely change during these shifts in hormonal balance, and female bodies experience more autoimmune diseases and immune responses generally, which seems to indicate that female sex hormones have a significant influence on the immune system.

激素和過(guò)敏之間的聯(lián)系還沒(méi)有得到很好的研究，但一些小型研究和軼事證據(jù)表明，你的免疫系統(tǒng)可能會(huì)對(duì)激素的變化做出一些改變。就像幾乎所有與荷爾蒙有關(guān)的東西一樣，月經(jīng)周期的人受到的影響最大。“在女性中，激素的作用，比如雌激素，可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致她們?cè)谠陆?jīng)周期的不同時(shí)期哮喘的惡化。”Bassett解釋說(shuō)。青春期、懷孕和更年期也是過(guò)敏改變的常見(jiàn)時(shí)期——至少在軼事中是這樣，因?yàn)槲墨I(xiàn)中很少有關(guān)于這方面的研究。在這些激素平衡的變化過(guò)程中，哮喘的癥狀肯定會(huì)發(fā)生改變，女性身體普遍會(huì)經(jīng)歷更多的自身免疫性疾病和免疫反應(yīng)，這似乎表明女性性激素對(duì)免疫系統(tǒng)有顯著的影響。

Bassett also notes that factors like weight gain and obesity can affect your immune system, leading to less well controlled asthma and other allergy symptoms over time. Older adults also tend to have a drop off in the kind of antibodies that instigate allergic responses, which means they may lose their reaction to a food or pollen that they used to react to powerfully. But simultaneously, lots of seniors seem to lose tolerance to foods like shellfish, even if they’d previously been able to eat crab every single day.

巴塞特還指出，體重增加和肥胖等因素可能會(huì)影響您的免疫系統(tǒng)，導(dǎo)致長(zhǎng)期控制的哮喘和其他過(guò)敏癥狀的緩解。老年人也容易引起過(guò)敏反應(yīng)的抗體種類(lèi)下降，這意味著他們可能會(huì)失去對(duì)食物或花粉的反應(yīng)，而這些食物或花粉通常會(huì)對(duì)其產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)烈的反應(yīng)。但與此同時(shí)，即使他們以前每天都能吃螃蟹，許多老年人似乎對(duì)諸如貝類(lèi)的食物也失去了抵抗力。