英語(yǔ)閱讀難句分析之定語(yǔ)從句

       英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)中的定語(yǔ)有很大的不同。漢語(yǔ)中定語(yǔ)只能前置，而英語(yǔ)中定語(yǔ)既可前置也可后置。兩者的不同，不僅表現(xiàn)在結(jié)構(gòu)上，也表現(xiàn)在意義上。英語(yǔ)中的定語(yǔ)從句有時(shí)從原因、結(jié)果、目的或條件等方面對(duì)中心詞加以限定。因此，在對(duì)語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)、上下文邏輯關(guān)系深刻理解的前提下，為了更明確地表明這種邏輯關(guān)系，可以將定語(yǔ)從句翻譯成相應(yīng)的狀語(yǔ)從句。同時(shí)值得注意的是，定語(yǔ)從句與中心詞之間常有分割成分，而該分割成分中與定語(yǔ)從句緊挨著的名詞，常常會(huì)被誤認(rèn)為定語(yǔ)從句的中心詞。
　　因此，遇到這種結(jié)構(gòu)，一定要根據(jù)上下文和常識(shí)進(jìn)行判斷。翻譯定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)可采用提前譯、順序譯、分譯或轉(zhuǎn)譯等多種方法。

　　1. As far as the third factor is concerned,the history of science shows many instances in which the force of authority has operated in such a manner as to build up an exceedingly powerful resistance to further investigation;in some cases centuries elapsed before this resistance was eventually broken down,as happened in cosmology,for example.
　　第一層： As far as the third factor is concerned ,狀語(yǔ)從句1 the history 主 of science 定 shows 謂 many 定 instances 賓 in which the force of authority has operated in such a manner as to build up an exceedingly power- 定語(yǔ)從句 ful resistance to further investigation ; in some cases 狀 centuries 主 elapsed 謂 before this resistance was eventually broken down,as 狀語(yǔ)從句2 happened in cosmology,for example.
　　第二層： （狀語(yǔ)從句1） As far as 引 the third factor 主語(yǔ) is 系 concerned 表語(yǔ)
　?。ǘㄕZ(yǔ)從句） in which 引 the force 主 of authority 定 has operated 謂 in such a manner as to build up an exceedingly powerful re- 狀 sistance to further investigation
　?。钫Z(yǔ)從句2） before 引 this resistance 主 was 系 eventually 狀 broken down, 表 as happened in cosmology，for example 定語(yǔ)從句
　　第三層： （定語(yǔ)從句） as 引 happened 謂 in cosmology,狀 for example. 插入語(yǔ)
　　要點(diǎn) 本句由兩個(gè)分句構(gòu)成，以分號(hào)連接。第一個(gè)分句的主干為the history of science shows many instances，in which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾instances，such ……as ……表結(jié)果，后接不定式；在第二個(gè)分句中，before 引出時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句：before this resistance was eventually broken down；代詞as在此是關(guān)系代詞，引出定語(yǔ)從句：as happened in cosmology。resistance：抵抗（力）；阻力。cosmology：宇宙論，宇宙哲學(xué)。
　　譯文 至于第三個(gè)因素，科學(xué)史中有許多事例表明，權(quán)威的力量起到這樣一種作用：它給進(jìn)一步的研究設(shè)置了一道極其牢固的障礙；在許多情況下，要花上幾個(gè)世紀(jì)的時(shí)間才能最終打破這道障礙。例如，在宇宙學(xué)中就發(fā)生過(guò)這樣的事。

　　2. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
　　第一層： Behaviorists 主 suggest 謂 that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his 賓語(yǔ)從句 or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
　　第二層： （賓語(yǔ)從句） that 引 the child 主 who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity 定語(yǔ)從句
　　for appropriate responses will experience 謂 greater intellectual 定 development. 賓
　　第三層： （定語(yǔ)從句） who 引 is raised 謂 in an environment 狀 where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for ap- 定語(yǔ)從句
　　propriate responses
　　第四層： （定語(yǔ)從句） where 引 there 引 are 系 many 定 stimuli 主 which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses 定語(yǔ)從句
　　第五層： （定語(yǔ)從句） which 引 develop 謂 his or her 定 capacity 賓 for appropriate 定 responses
　　要點(diǎn) 根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系可以看出，本句中suggest的詞義不是propose,而是bring an idea into the mind,所以翻譯為…的看法是。who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾child，根據(jù)上下文的語(yǔ)義關(guān)系，翻譯成條件句；where引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾 environment,用合譯法譯出；which引導(dǎo)的從句修飾stimuli,用分譯法進(jìn)行翻譯。appropriate：適合的，相稱的。
　　譯文 行為主義者的看法是，如果一個(gè)兒童在有許多刺激因素的環(huán)境里長(zhǎng)大，而這些刺激因素能夠開發(fā)其相應(yīng)的反映能力，那么這個(gè)兒童將會(huì)有更好的智力發(fā)展。

　　3. I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities - those of love and of reason - are the aims of all social arrangements.
　　要點(diǎn) 本句為含有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句的主從復(fù)合句。主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞suggest可接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)。而賓語(yǔ)中的transform一詞常用在transform sth. from …… into……結(jié)構(gòu)中，譯為“把…從…轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)?hellip;”。句中兩個(gè)in which分別修飾其先行詞industrialism，翻譯時(shí)宜采用前置法。兩個(gè)破折號(hào)之間的those of love and of reason為potentialities一詞的同位語(yǔ)。
　　譯文 我建議把我們的社會(huì)制度從以最大限度的生產(chǎn)和最大限度的消費(fèi)為目的的官僚主義管理下的產(chǎn)業(yè)體制轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐粋€(gè)充分發(fā)揮人的潛能——即愛和理智的潛能——為其全部社會(huì)工作之目的的人道主義產(chǎn)業(yè)體制。

　　4. President Kennedy wanted people who raised questions,who criticized,on whose judgment he could rely, who presented an intelligent point of view,regardless of their rank or viewpoint.
　　要點(diǎn) 本句中who……，who……，on whose……，who……四個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句并列，共同修飾中心詞people。
　　譯文 肯尼迪總統(tǒng)需要提問題的人、能提批評(píng)意見的人、做出可靠判斷的人以及能提出明智看法的人，而不問他們的級(jí)別和觀點(diǎn)。

　　5. In the soap war between Proctor and Gamble and Unilever, tremendous use is made of statistics to measure the dynamic difference in market resulting from the proportional allocation to advertising, which constitutes such a large part of their production costs before selling, so that they regard their production costs as production plus advertising costs.
　　要點(diǎn) 此句結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜，但主句很簡(jiǎn)單，主語(yǔ)為use，謂語(yǔ)為is made.主句正常語(yǔ)序?yàn)閠remendous use of statistics is made to……， to measure……作目的狀語(yǔ)，resulting from……為現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作difference的后置定語(yǔ)。which引導(dǎo)一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾allocation to advertising.so that引導(dǎo)一個(gè)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。plus為介詞，意為“加上”。soap war 為“肥皂廣告大戰(zhàn)”。
　　譯文 在Proctor and Gamble和 Unilever兩家企業(yè)之間的“肥皂大戰(zhàn)”中，雙方就大量使用了統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)知識(shí)來(lái)測(cè)量由相應(yīng)的廣告投入所引起的市場(chǎng)上的動(dòng)態(tài)差異，這一項(xiàng)在前的生產(chǎn)成本中占較大部分，所以他們把生產(chǎn)成本看作是生產(chǎn)費(fèi)用與廣告費(fèi)用之和。

　　6. Smart cards,which can carry as much as 80 times more information on them than conventional cards with a magnetic stripe,are already widely used in European countries where centralized banks can roll out new services on a nationwide basis.
　　要點(diǎn) 本句為簡(jiǎn)單復(fù)合句。句架為Smart cards， which ……， are already widely used in European countries where……。which為關(guān)系代詞，引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾smart cards；where 為關(guān)系副詞，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾countries.nationwide：全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)的。roll out：本意為“展開（卷起之物）”，此處為引申義，指展開工作。
　　譯文 智能卡載有的信息量是普通磁卡信息載量的80多倍，已經(jīng)在歐洲各國(guó)廣泛使用，因而使歐洲各國(guó)中央銀行得以在全國(guó)范圍展開新型的服務(wù)。

　　7. How well the prediction will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount,reliability,and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.
　　要點(diǎn) 本句含有一個(gè)主語(yǔ)從句How well the prediction will be validated by later performance和一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句with which it is interpreted.定語(yǔ)從句中it 指代prediction，該定語(yǔ)從句修飾the skill and wisdom.在翻譯時(shí)主語(yǔ)從句用分譯法，定語(yǔ)從句用合譯法。validate：使有效；使有充分根據(jù)。
　　譯文 預(yù)測(cè)在多大程度上為后來(lái)的表現(xiàn)所證實(shí)，這取決于所采用信息的數(shù)量、可靠性和適宜性，還取決于用來(lái)解釋預(yù)測(cè)的技巧和智慧。

　　8. Thus,to rectify the positions taken previously,where we contented ourselves with condemnations,in my delegation's opinion,we must find an overall solution which would come to grips with both the substance as well as the superficial aspects which,after all,serve only to compel us to keep this problem constantly on the Security Council's agendas.
　　要點(diǎn) 本句含有三個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句where……condemnations，which would come to grips ……和which,after all, serve only to compel……。第二個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句譯成同位結(jié)構(gòu)；第三個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句同上下文有明顯的因果關(guān)系，譯成“因?yàn)?hellip;”。overall：從頭到尾；總的，全面的。
　　譯文 因此，我們代表團(tuán)認(rèn)為，要糾正我們過(guò)去采取的只是滿足于進(jìn)行譴責(zé)的那種立場(chǎng)，我們必須尋求一個(gè)全面的解決方法，既能解決本質(zhì)方面的問題，又能解決應(yīng)對(duì)表面的問題，因?yàn)閮H解決表面問題畢竟只能迫使我們一次又一次地把這個(gè)問題列入安理會(huì)的議程。

　　9. We may define chemistry as the science in which we deal with the chemical change in matter as a result of which it is possible to form a new substance.
　　要點(diǎn) 本句中有兩個(gè)由which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句：第一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞是science，而不是chemistry;第二個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞是chemical change,而不是result或matter.
　　譯文 我們可以說(shuō)，化學(xué)是論述物質(zhì)化學(xué)變化的科學(xué)，通過(guò)化學(xué)變化可能獲得新的物質(zhì)。

　　10. Time goes fast for one who has a sense of beauty,when there are pretty children in a pool and a young Diana on the edge,to receive with wonder anything you can catch！
　　要點(diǎn) 本句由一個(gè)主句（Time goes fast）、兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句（who……和you can catch）和一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句（when……）組成。you can catch前省略了that.按照先發(fā)生的事情先敘述以及條件在先結(jié)果在后的漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣，翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)采用逆序法。
　　譯文 對(duì)一個(gè)有美感，能以好奇心接收你所能抓到的任何東西的人來(lái)說(shuō)，時(shí)間總是過(guò)得很快，比如當(dāng)戲水池里有幾個(gè)可愛的孩子，池邊還有一位如黛安娜似的年輕女子時(shí)。