一、詞的轉(zhuǎn)換
詞的轉(zhuǎn)換一般指的是只涉及單個(gè)單詞的轉(zhuǎn)換。單個(gè)單詞的轉(zhuǎn)換包括詞性轉(zhuǎn)換及同義詞轉(zhuǎn)換。其中詞性轉(zhuǎn)換是相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單的一種,詞匯量可觀的考生自然可以游刃有余,輕松應(yīng)對(duì);即便不認(rèn)識(shí)被轉(zhuǎn)換了的單詞的考生,也可以通過詞根詞綴以及上下文進(jìn)行猜測(cè)。例如:
Example 1. Q24/Test 2/Cambridge V (Matching):
24、One of the brain’s most difficult tasks is to
A.react t their own thoughts
B.helped create language in humans
C.respond instantly to whatever is happening
題干中的核心信息 most difficult 應(yīng)該在讀題的過程中被考生捕捉到,在定位時(shí)應(yīng)充分考慮到被代換的可能性;另外備考時(shí)訓(xùn)練充分有素的考生還會(huì)考慮到句子結(jié)構(gòu)的整體順序的不同。這樣,當(dāng)定位到原文的對(duì)應(yīng)信息句:
Making a rapid emotional assessment of the events of the moment is an extremely demanding job for the brain, animal or human.
考生應(yīng)該能夠敏銳地發(fā)現(xiàn)extremely demanding 是 most difficult 的代換,由此確定該句所表達(dá)的意思是正確答案,在list 中搜尋正確的選項(xiàng)時(shí),句子中的內(nèi)容被再一次代換,其中原文中rapid emotional assessment of the events 被代換為 respond instantly to whatever is happening, 至此,答案為C.
Example 2. Q24/Test 1/Cambridge V (T/F/NG):
Q24、Some people may believe that the teacher- subjects’ behaviour could be explained as a positive survival mechanism,
該題如果定位準(zhǔn)確,整體的難度還是不高的??梢钥闯鼍渲衟ositive 和survival是關(guān)鍵詞,由句中出現(xiàn)的survival mechanism可判斷為是從生物角度來談?wù)摰?,又因?yàn)樵牡腇段首句:One’s first inclination might be to argue that there are must be some sort of built-in animal aggression instinct that … 中提到了相關(guān)內(nèi)容,所以定位到該段。迅速掃描,搜尋和兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞對(duì)應(yīng)的信息,除了在該段第六行出現(xiàn)了原詞重現(xiàn)的survival, 還在上一行出現(xiàn)了advantageous, 顯然是positive 的代換。由于原文跟題目中的信息吻合,所以答案是TRUE.
二、詞組的轉(zhuǎn)換
詞組的轉(zhuǎn)換一般情況下是同義詞轉(zhuǎn)換的一個(gè)衍生。當(dāng)一個(gè)詞無法用另一個(gè)同義詞到位地解釋時(shí),可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)用詞組解釋的情況。另外如果本身就是詞組的形式,那么通常來講還是會(huì)用詞組的形式進(jìn)行解釋。如Text 4/Q36/Cambridge V題目中的表述是 birds in temperate climates, 而原文對(duì)應(yīng)的描述是temperate-zone birds. 這種情況在T/F/NG當(dāng)中也有體現(xiàn)。絕大多數(shù)選TRUE的情況,原文和題目一定會(huì)經(jīng)過同義轉(zhuǎn)換,如:
Example 1:
原文:Computers are gaining in popularity, despite their cost.
題目:Computers are more popular than they used to be.
原文當(dāng)中的gaining in popularity題目中用more popular than they used to be作為替換。兩者在意思上屬于完全一致的同義轉(zhuǎn)換,因此答案為TRUE。
答案是FALSE的題目也可以通過同義轉(zhuǎn)換的比對(duì)來進(jìn)行判斷,如:
Example 2:
原文:Biologically, a species becomes extinct when its last individual dies.
題目:In biological terms, a species is said to be extinct when only one individual exists.
原文當(dāng)中的biologically用題目的in biological terms作為替換。Become則由is said to be作為替換。但是原文當(dāng)中的die在題目中變成了exist, 直接相反的意思。介于最后這一處的轉(zhuǎn)換與原文信息不符,可以判斷出此題答案是FALSE.
三、句子的轉(zhuǎn)換
考試中涉及到的句子轉(zhuǎn)換一般是指句子結(jié)構(gòu)或語態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換或者是對(duì)原文的概括,即用一兩句話對(duì)于原文的多句話進(jìn)行一個(gè)總結(jié)概括。但還有一種形式是題目中出現(xiàn)的某個(gè)單詞在原文中以句子或句子的一部分進(jìn)行了代換。下文中將就兩種情況分別舉例說明。
Example 1:
原文:The Internet has often been criticized by the international society as a newly-emerging dangerous tool in the hands of terrorists.
題目:The international society has often criticized the Internet because it is not safe.
原文的被動(dòng)語態(tài)在題目當(dāng)中變成了主動(dòng)的語態(tài)。但是因?yàn)轭}目缺少了條件狀語in the hands of terrorists, 所以題目的正確答案為NOT GIVEN。
句子轉(zhuǎn)換的另一種形式是對(duì)原文的總結(jié)概括。Summary或者T/F/NG題目當(dāng)中,有時(shí)候會(huì)出現(xiàn)原文和句子之間是總結(jié)概括關(guān)系。
Example 2:
原文:It has been proved that a rapid response leads to a great likelihood of arrest only if it is 1-2 minutes after a call is received by police. When the response time increases to 3-4 minutes, the likelihood of an arrest is substantially reduced.
題目:A delay of 1-2 minutes in response may have substantial influence on whether or not a suspected criminal is caught.
這道題目源自一篇講反應(yīng)速度的文章。原文中的兩句話講述的內(nèi)容為,如果警察在接到電話后的1-2分鐘反應(yīng),抓住罪犯的可能性就非常大;如果3-4分鐘反應(yīng),拘捕的可能性就會(huì)降低。這樣的意思在題目當(dāng)中被概括為一句話,即延后反應(yīng)一到兩分鐘會(huì)降低抓住罪犯的可能性。
Example 3:
Q4/Test 1/Cambridge V (T/F/NG):
4、The fact that children’s ideas about science form part of a larger framework of ideas means that it is easier to change them.
該句的定位由于符合順序原則,許多同學(xué)還是能輕松定位到第二段,但是接下來確認(rèn)信息的過程就讓一些綜合閱讀理解能力相對(duì)薄弱的同學(xué)不能從容應(yīng)對(duì),因?yàn)閷?duì)于larger的同義代換不能識(shí)別從而導(dǎo)致錯(cuò)誤答案。
事實(shí)上,單詞large被原文中不止一個(gè)單詞替換,綜合在一起,成就了larger的意思:
These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and … …
雖然沒有確切的某個(gè)單詞表達(dá)了larger 的意思,但multifaceted, but organised, conceptual三個(gè)詞合起來則充分準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)了該意思,不能不稱之為巧妙。
Example 4:
Q26/Test 1/Cambridge IV (Short Answer):
26、Which of the senses is best developed in cetaceans?
句中best developed 顯然是關(guān)鍵詞,但是無論按照順序原則還是其他方法都很難準(zhǔn)確定位到某個(gè)句子,因?yàn)橥耆淮鷵Q成了句子。在最后一段的首句中:
Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic sense.
雖然看上去well-developed可以充當(dāng)題目中best developed的同義代換,但筆者認(rèn)為并非如此,二者在表達(dá)的程度上是有差異的,如何做出準(zhǔn)確的判斷還是有賴于對(duì)上述整個(gè)句子的理解,并且在和其他的感官發(fā)育情況做了對(duì)比之后,情況就更加清晰,答案是acoustic sense.
誠(chéng)然,辨識(shí)出統(tǒng)一代換似乎能節(jié)約時(shí)間,提高效率,但考生們還是要和綜合實(shí)力相結(jié)合,才能相輔相成,又快又準(zhǔn)地完成解題過程。
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