幾個小技巧教你拆分簡化雅思長難句

　　平行并列句是指一個句子中會有兩個成分或以上并列句。英語句子最常用的方法是通過使用一些關聯(lián)詞，如 and、or、but等，或標點符號如：分號，逗號，破折號等，若干個在語義上有聯(lián)系或相互照應的單詞、詞組或句子連在一起組成一種并列或平行結構的長句，以表達一個復雜的多層次含義。

　　我們做題的技巧是先找出謂語，然后確定主語，再通過關聯(lián)詞(and，but等)從后向前找出并列的核心單詞。將句子從并列連詞處斷開，將并列句變成兩個或若干個相對短的句子，然后再用處理簡單句的方法——抓句子主干，來依次處理每個相對短的句子。比如下列兩句：

　　Everyone should know where the nearest fire alarm box is located and where exits, fire escapes,and fire doors are.

　　I wanted her to know that my heart was with her, and that I thought England owed her a great debt and was going to miss her.

　　解析如下：

　　1. Everyone should know where the nearest fire alarm box is located and where exits, fire escapes, and fire doors are.

　　結構：本句有三個謂語動詞，其中主句的謂語動詞為should know，其余兩個都是由where引導的并列賓語從句。

　　拆分：

　　1) Everyone should know

　　2) Where the nearest fire alarm box is located

　　3) Where exits, fire escapes, and fire doors are

　　翻譯：

　　每個人都應該知道最近的火災報警箱的位置，以及安全出口、安全梯及防火門位于何處。

　　2. I wanted her to know that my heart was with her, and that I thought England owed her a great debt and was going to miss her.

　　結構：本句有5個謂語動詞，其中主句的謂語動詞為wanted。was和thought分別屬于兩個由that引導的并列賓語從句。而owed和was going為兩個并列的謂語動詞，共同主語為England。England這句話前面為了避免重復而省略了賓語從句的引導詞that，實際上是thought的賓語從句。

　　拆分：

　　I wanted her to know

　　That my heart was withher

　　That I thought

　　(That) England owed her agreat debt and was going to miss her.

　　翻譯：我想讓她知道我的心陪伴著她，而且我認為英國欠了她一大筆債，很快就會想念她。

　　小結：1和2兩句都是從句并列，找到連詞，再找從句中的主干成分，便可以理解句意。

　　除了從句并列，還有不定式引導的并列句，比如下面兩個句子：

　　The way space is used to enable the individual to achieve privacy, to build homes or to design cities is culturally influenced.

　　It seems simple enoughto distinguish between the organism and the surrounding environment and to separate forces acting on an organism into those that are internal and biological and those that are external and environmental.

　　解析如下：

　　3. The way space is used to enable the individual to achieve privacy, to build homes or to design citiesis culturally influenced.

　　結構：本句中有兩個謂語動詞，主句謂語為 is culturally influenced, 定語從句謂語為 isused to. 主語the way 有一個很長的定語從句修飾，定語從句中有三個并列的不定式短語作動詞“isused”的目的狀語即to achieve privacy， to build homes，和to design cities.

　　拆分：

　　The way is culturally influenced.

　　space is used

　　to enable the individual to achieve privacy

　　to build homes

　　to design cities

　　翻譯：怎樣利用空間實現(xiàn)個人隱私，修建住宅及規(guī)劃城市都受到文化上的影響。

　　4. It seems simple enough to distinguish between the organism and the surrounding environment and to separate forces acting on an organism into those that are internal and biological and those that are external and environmental.

　　結構：本句話關鍵是通過and抓住并列的成分，句子的主干是It seems simple enough to distinguish …andto separate…，其中，理解的難點在separate后面的部分。Separate的賓語forces后面被“acting on an organism”這個現(xiàn)在分詞短語限定，into后面兩個those告訴我們forces被分成哪些部分了。

　　拆分：

　　It seems simple enough

　　to distinguish between the organism and the surrounding environment

　　and to separate forces(acting on an organism) into

　　those that are internal and biological

　　and those that are external and environmental.

　　翻譯：區(qū)分有機體和周圍環(huán)境似乎很簡單;把作用于有機體的力量分為內部生物的力量和外部環(huán)境的力量似乎也很簡單。

　　小結：從上兩句可以看出，并列的不定式后面還包含定語從句或名詞性從句，這增加了找出并列成分的難度，但記得，第一步還是找出連詞，然后分析每個從句的主干結構，從而透徹地理解整個句子。

　　除了不定式可以引導并列結構，從句也可以，而且難度更大，因為從句會誤導考生找不到主句的主干，請看下句：

　　Children in low-income families and poor communities are less likely to take organized youth sports for granted because they often lack the resources needed to pay for participation fees, equipment, and transportation to practices and games and their communities do not have resources to build and maintain sports fields and facilities.

　　解析：

　　5. Children in low-income families and poor communities are less likely to take organized youth sports for granted because they often lack the resources needed to pay for participation fees, equipment,and transportation to practices and games and their communities do not have resources to build and maintain sports fields and facilities .

　　結構：本句中有三個謂語動詞，are less likely to do為主句謂語 ,lack和 do not have 為并列原因狀語從句的謂語,主語分為they 和 their communities.

　　拆分：

　　Children (in low-income families and poor communities )are less likely (totake organized youth sports for granted)

　　take…forgranted…把…認為是理所應當

　　because they often lack the resources (needed)(to pay for participation fees, equipment, and transportation to practices andgames)

　　and (because)their communities do not have resources (to build and maintain sports fields and facilities ).

　　翻譯：來自低收入家庭和貧窮社區(qū)的孩子就很少將社區(qū)運動視作理所應當，因為他們經常缺少必須的金錢來支付門票、設備和來回車費，而且他們的社區(qū)也沒有能力來建設和維持運動場和運動設備。

　　小結： 這句話只有雖然有三個謂語，但主句只有一個，所以第一個才是真正的謂語，其他兩個是原因狀語從句引導的并列從句的謂語，所以理解這句話需要找出主句的謂語。

　　總結：長難句中的平行結構可以用不同的方式構成，可能并列成分內部仍然有并列成分，但是最重要的還是先找到主干結構，再分析并列句的結構，最后整合起來，一點點解剖整個句子的意思。