雅思閱讀每日一練:Great Migrations

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　　Great Migrations

　　Animal migration, however it is defined, is far more than just the movement of animals. It can loosely be described as travel that takes place at regular intervals ?— often in an annual cycle — that may involve many members of a species, and is rewarded only after a long journey. It suggests inherited instinct. The biologist Hugh Dingle has identified five characteristics that apply, in varying degrees and combinations, to all migrations. They are prolonged movements that carry animals outside familiar habitats; they tend to be linear, not zigzaggy; they involve special behaviours concerning preparation (such as overfeeding) and arrival; they demand special allocations of energy. And one more: migrating animals maintain an intense attentiveness to the greater mission, which keeps them undistracted by temptations and undeterred by challenges that would turn other animals aside.

　　An arctic tern, on its 20,000 km flight from the extreme south of South America to the Arctic circle, will take no notice of a nice smelly herring offered from a bird-watcher’s boat along the way. While local gulls will dive voraciously for such handouts, the tern flies on. Why? The arctic tern resists distraction because it is driven at that moment by an instinctive sense of something we humans find admirable: larger purpose. In other words, it is determined to reach its destination. The bird senses that it can eat, rest and mate later. Right now it is totally focused on the journey; its undivided intent is arrival.

　　Reaching some gravelly coastline in the Arctic, upon which other arctic terns have converged, will serve its larger purpose as shaped by evolution: finding a place, a time, and a set of circumstances in which it can successfully hatch and rear offspring.

　　But migration is a complex issue, and biologists define it differently, depending in part on what sorts of animals they study. Joe! Berger, of the University of Montana, who works on the American pronghorn and other large terrestrial mammals, prefers what he calls a simple, practical definition suited to his beasts: ‘movements from a seasonal home area away to another home area and back again’. Generally the reason for such seasonal back-and-forth movement is to seek resources that aren’t available within a single area year-round.

　　But daily vertical movements by zooplankton in the ocean — upward by night to seek food, downward by day to escape predators — can also be considered migration. So can the movement of aphids when, having depleted the young leaves on one food plant, their offspring then fly onward to a different host plant, with no one aphid ever returning to where it started.

　　Dingle is an evolutionary biologist who studies insects. His definition is more intricate than Berger’s, citing those five features that distinguish migration from other forms of movement. They allow for the fact that, for example, aphids will become sensitive to blue light (from the sky) when it’s time for takeoff on their big journey, and sensitive to yellow light (reflected from tender young leaves) when it’s appropriate to land. Birds will fatten themselves with heavy feeding in advance of a long migrational flight. The value of his definition, Dingle argues, is that it focuses attention on what the phenomenon of wildebeest migration shares with the phenomenon of the aphids, and therefore helps guide researchers towards understanding how evolution has produced them all.

　　Human behaviour, however, is having a detrimental impact on animal migration. The pronghorn, which resembles an antelope, though they are unrelated, is the fastest land mammal of the New World. One population, which spends the summer in the mountainous Grand Teton National Park of the western USA, follows a narrow route from its summer range in the mountains, across a river, and down onto the plains. Here they wait out the frozen months, feeding mainly on sagebrush blown clear of snow. These pronghorn are notable for the invariance of their migration route and the severity of its constriction at three bottlenecks. If they can’t pass through each of the three during their spring migration, they can’t reach their bounty of summer grazing; if they can’t pass through again in autumn, escaping south onto those windblown plains, they are likely to die trying to overwinter in the deep snow. Pronghorn, dependent on distance vision and speed to keep safe from predators, traverse high, open shoulders of land, where they can see and run. At one of the bottlenecks, forested hills rise to form a V, leaving a corridor of open ground only about 150 metres wide, filled with private homes. Increasing development is leading toward a crisis for the pronghorn, threatening to choke off their passageway.

　　Conservation scientists, along with some biologists and land managers within the USA’s National Park Service and other agencies, are now working to preserve migrational behaviours, not just species and habitats. A National Forest has recognised the path of the pronghorn, much of which passes across its land, as a protected migration corridor. But neither the Forest Service nor the Park Service can control what happens on private land at a bottleneck. And with certain other migrating species, the challenge is complicated further — by vastly greater distances traversed, more jurisdictions, more borders, more dangers along the way. We will require wisdom and resoluteness to ensure that migrating species can continue their journeying a while longer.

　　Questions 14-18

　　Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?

　　In boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet, write

　　TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

　　FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

　　NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

　　14 Local gulls and migrating arctic terns behave in the same way when offered food.

　　15 Experts’ definitions of migration tend to vary according to their area of study.

　　16 Very few experts agree that the movement of aphids can be considered migration.

　　17 Aphids’ journeys are affected by changes in the light that they perceive.

　　18 Dingle’s aim is to distinguish between the migratory behaviours of different species.

　　Questions 19-22

　　Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-G, below.

　　Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet.

　　19 According to Dingle, migratory routes are likely to

　　20 To prepare for migration, animals are likely to

　　21 During migration, animals are unlikely to

　　22 Arctic terns illustrate migrating animals’ ability to

　　A be discouraged by difficulties.

　　B travel on open land where they can look out for predators.

　　C eat more than they need for immediate purposes.

　　D be repeated daily.

　　E ignore distractions.

　　F be governed by the availability of water.

　　G follow a straight line.

　　Questions 23-26

　　Complete the summary below.

　　Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

　　Write your answers in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet.

　　The migration of pronghorns

　　Pronghorns rely on their eyesight and 23 __________ to avoid predators. One particular population’s summer habitat is a national park, and their winter home is on the 24 __________, where they go to avoid the danger presented by the snow at that time of year. However, their route between these two areas contains three 25 __________. One problem is the construction of new homes in a narrow 26 __________ of land on the pronghorns’ route.

　　Question 14

　　答案: False

　　關(guān)鍵詞: local gulls, arctic terns, food

　　定位原文: 第2段前兩句“An arctic tern, on its 20,000 km flight…”

　　解題思路: local gulls 會為了herring 這樣的 handouts 而 voraciously 俯沖下來，然而arctic tern卻會繼續(xù)飛行，顯然二者在面對食物時表現(xiàn)得并不一樣。不考慮有可能很不多不認(rèn)識的單詞，但看while這個提示詞又明確強(qiáng)化了是不一樣的，與題干信息相悖。

　　Question 15

　　答案: True

　　關(guān)鍵詞: expert's definitions, vary, area of study

　　定位原文: 第3段第1句“But migration is a complex…”遷徙是個復(fù)雜的問題，生物學(xué)家依據(jù)研究的動物不同對定義也各不相同。

　　解題思路: 只需按照“專家的定義”找到原文中的相應(yīng)描述即可，答案與題目“專家們對于遷徙的定義往往會根據(jù)他們的研究領(lǐng)域而各有不同”為同義表達(dá)。

　　Question 16

　　答案： Not Given

　　關(guān)鍵詞： very few experts agree, movement of aphids

　　定位原文：第4段前兩句“But daily vertical movements by…”

　　解題思路: 本題具有一定的迷惑性。“蚜蟲移動”這個信息不難定位，原文也以事實陳述的口吻指出：浮游生物和蚜蟲的移動確實可以被視為某種形式的遷徙。但此題是一道典型的“將事實與觀點相混淆”思路的判斷題，題干說“基本沒有什么專家認(rèn)同這個看法”，是明確的“專家觀點表達(dá)”，與原文的“事實陳述”既不能說是矛盾，也不能說是一致，而是Not Given。

　　Question 17

　　答案： True

　　關(guān)鍵詞： aphids' journeys, affected, changes in the light

　　定位原文： 第5段第3句“..., aphids will become sensitive to blue light (from the sky) when it's time for takeoff on their big journey…” 對藍(lán)光和黃光敏感…….

　　解題思路：可能未必認(rèn)識aphids (蚜蟲)這個單詞，但它在文中作為昆蟲名并沒有被替換。閱讀定位句可知，這種生物確實會在不同的情況下分別對藍(lán)光和黃光更加敏感，也就是“會受到光色變化的影響”，答案為True。

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　　Question 18

　　答案: False

　　關(guān)鍵詞： Dingle's aim, distinguish

　　定位原文： 第5段最后一句“The value of his definition, Dingle…”

　　解題思路: 由于有Dingle這個大寫人名，本題定位不難。Dingle的目的在于找到遷徙行為的共性，與題干所表述的“目標(biāo)在于區(qū)分不同物種遷徙行為之間的差異”是兩個不同的意思。

　　Question 19

　　答案: G

　　關(guān)鍵詞： Dingle, migratory routes, likely

　　定位原文： 第1段的第4、5句“The biologist Hugh Dingle has identified five…”

　　解題思路： 題干說“按照Dingle的說法，遷徙的路線往住會______” 回到原文中Dingle這個人名不難找到，route (路線)這個意思卻是通過linear和 zigzaggy這兩個用以描述“路線”是平直還是曲折的形容詞來間接表達(dá)的，需要考生認(rèn)識其中至少一個才能更準(zhǔn)確定位。而一旦定位之后確定答案則很容易，為G項：follow a straight line (沿著一條直線)。

　　Question 20

　　答案： C

　　關(guān)鍵詞： prepare for, likely to

　　定位原文：第1段第5句“…; they involve special behaviours concerning preparation…”

　　解題思路：題干說“為了給遷徙做準(zhǔn)各，動物們往往會_____”。prepare這個題干中的定位信息在原文中僅僅改了詞性，變成了名詞preparation，很容易被找到;而括號里對于“做準(zhǔn)備”的舉例說明overfeeding也不是困難的詞匯，可以輕松得出答案為C: eat more than they need for immediate purposes (吃得比它們當(dāng)下立刻就需要的要多)。

　　Question 21

　　答案： A

　　關(guān)鍵詞： during migration, unlikely to

　　定位原文：第1段最后一句“And one more: migrating…”

　　解題思路：題干說“在遷徙過程中，動物們一般不會______”，此題比較有迷惑性，原因在于原文中給出了兩個否定性信息：undistracted by temptations 和 undeterred by challenges that would turn other animals aside，分別對應(yīng)于選項E和選項A。注意：選項E和A所描述內(nèi)容的方向是相反的。根據(jù)題干中的unlikely，可得出答案為A: be discouraged by difficulties，即“不會被困難阻擋”，如果選E的話，則與文意相反。

　　Question 22

　　答案： E

　　關(guān)鍵詞： Arctic terns, illustrate, ability

　　定位原文： 第2段前四句 “An arctic tern, on its 20,000 km flight from …”

　　解題思路: 題干說“北極燕鷗證明了遷徙中的動物的______能力”。Arctic ton不難定位，但考生需要具備耐心，在第一次找到定位詞的句子里沒有提供相關(guān)解題信息的時候繼續(xù)向下閱讀原文，直到看至第四句時能得出完整信息，答案為E: ignore distractions (忽視那些分散注意力的因素)。

　　Question 23

　　答案： speed

　　關(guān)鍵詞： pronghorns, rely on, eyesight, predators

　　定位原文：第6段倒數(shù)第3句“Pronghorn, dependent on distance vision…”

　　解題思路： pronghorn這個詞在文中出現(xiàn)在了兩個部位。第一次是在第三段中，只是在介紹Joel Berger 的研究領(lǐng)域時被簡短地一帶而過，沒有展開;第二次則是在文章的后兩段中密集出現(xiàn)，此時才是真正說到了其遷徙行為的細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容，是此部分summary題型對應(yīng)的正文部分。題干說“叉角羚依賴它們的視力和_____來躲避捕食者”。対比原文中與vision形成并列關(guān)系的內(nèi)容，可得答案為speed。

　　Question 24

　　答案: plains

　　關(guān)鍵詞: summer habitat, national park, winter home

　　定位原文: 第6段第3、4句“One population, which spends the summer in the mountainous…”

　　解題思路：題干說“某個特定種群(叉角羚)的夏季棲息地是一個國家公園，而它們的冬季家園則位于_____”?！跋募尽焙汀皣夜珗@”這兩個信息都不難在文中找到，但包含這兩個信息的句子里提供的地點“平原”卻不容易被確定為答案，原因在于本句中并沒有明確提及“冬季”這個信息?？忌枰托南蛳略匍喿x一句，找到“冬季”的同義替換frozen months，從而用here這個地點指代詞來確認(rèn)，答案為plains。

　　Question 25

　　答案： bottlenecks

　　關(guān)鍵詞： route, three

　　定位原文：第6段第5句“These pronghorn are notable for…”

　　解題思路：題干說“它們在這兩個區(qū)域之間的遷徙路線包含三個_____”。其實只需找到文中明確提及“三”這個數(shù)目的所指對象即可，答案為bottlenecks。

　　Question 26

　　答案： corridor

　　關(guān)鍵詞：problem, construction of new homes, narrow

　　定位原文：第6段倒數(shù)第2句“At one of the bottlenecks, forested hills…”

　　解題思路：題干說“問題之一來自叉角羚遷徙路線上一條狹長_____上的新建房屋”。本題的難度來自于使用了narrow來同義替換“只有150米寬”這一具體的細(xì)節(jié)信息，可能會給定位造成一定障礙。而一旦成功定位即可得出答條為corridor。

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