專八人文知識精講(7)：向現(xiàn)代英國的過渡

Transition to the Modern Age (1455-1688)

向現(xiàn)代英國的過渡

I.Transition to the Modern Age (1455-1485)

向現(xiàn)代英國的過渡(1455年-1485年)

The Wars of Rose

玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭

The name Wars of the Roses was refer to the battles between the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the read rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 1485. Henry Tudor, descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Fireld in 1485 and put ht country under the rule of the Tudors. From these Wars, English feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened.

玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭是指，從1455年到1485年，以紅玫瑰為象征的蘭開斯特家族和以白玫瑰為象征的約克家族之間戰(zhàn)爭。1485年，蘭開斯特家族的后代亨利都鐸取得了博斯沃恩戰(zhàn)役的勝利，建立了都鐸王朝。這些戰(zhàn)爭使英國的封建主義受到致命打擊，貴族階層受到了削弱。

II. The English Reformation

英國的宗教改革

Henry VIII was above all responsible for the religious reform of the church. There were three main causes: a desire for change and reform in the church had been growing for many years and now, encouraged by the success of Martin Luther, many people believed its time had come; the privilege and wealth of the clergy were resented; and Henry needed money.

最重要的是，亨利八世促成了教會的宗教改革。改革原因有三個主要方面：改革教會的渴望已有多年，現(xiàn)在又受馬丁路德成功的鼓舞，許多人認(rèn)為時機已到;人們痛恨教職人員的威望和財富;亨利需要錢。

The reform began as a struggle for a divorce and ended in freedom from the Papacy. Henry VIII wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon but the Pope refused. Henry's reforms was to get rid of the English Church's connection with the Pope, and to make an independent Church of England. He made this break with Rome gradually between 1529 and 1534. He dissolved all of England's monasteries and nunneries because they were more loyal to the Pope than to their English kings. The laws such as the Act of succession of 1534 and the Act of Supremacy of 1535 made his reform possible. He established the church of England as the national church of the country, and he made himself the supreme head of the church of England.

改革以爭取離婚而開始，以脫離教皇而告終。亨利八世欲與阿拉貢的凱瑟琳離婚，但是教皇拒絕了。亨利改革的目的是擺脫英國教會與教皇的聯(lián)系，成立獨立的英格蘭教會。1529年至1534年間英國教會逐漸地與羅馬脫離了關(guān)系。亨利解散了所有英國的修道院和修女院，因為后者對教皇比對英國國王更忠誠。1534年的《繼位法》和1535年的《至尊法案》使改革具有了可行性。1535年他獲"英格蘭教會最高首腦"之稱號。

Henry VIII's reform stressed the power of the monarch and certainly strengthened Henry's position; Parliament had never done such a long and important piece of work before, its importance grew as a result. His attack on the Pope's power encouraged many critics of abuses of the Catholic Church. England was moving away form Catholicism towards protestaintism.

改革的三大影響：亨利的改革強調(diào)了君主權(quán)力，自然加強了亨利的地位;議會以往從未做過如此漫長而重要的工作，自然其重要性也有所加強;他對教皇權(quán)力的打擊鼓舞許多人批評指責(zé)天主教會。英國從此從天主教轉(zhuǎn)向新教。

III. Elizabeth I (1558-1603)

伊莉莎白一世(1558年-1603年)

Elizabeth's religious reform was a compromise of views. She broke Mary's ties with Rome and restored her father's independent Church of England, i.e. keeping to Catholic doctrines and practices but to be free of the Papal control. He religious settlement was unacceptable to both the extreme Protestants known as Puritans and to ardent Catholics. For nearly 30 years Elizabeth successfully played off against each other the two great Catholic powers, France and Spain, and prevented England from getting involved in any major European conflict. Through her marriage alliances which were never materialized, Elizabeth managed to maintain a friendly relationship with France. So England wad able to face the danger from Spain.

伊莉莎白的宗教改革是各種觀點的妥協(xié)。她中斷瑪麗與羅馬的關(guān)系，恢復(fù)父王獨立的英格蘭教會，也就是說保持天主教教條及習(xí)俗，但不受教皇控制。她的宗教和解既不被極端的新教徒(即清教徒)所接受，也不為虔誠的天主教徒所接受。近30年的時間里，伊莉莎白成功地令兩大天主教強國法國和西班牙互相廝殺，從而免于英國卷入任何主要的歐洲國的沖突。通過她從未實現(xiàn)的聯(lián)姻，伊莉莎白設(shè)法與法國維持友好關(guān)系，因此英國能面對來自西班牙的危險。