What is housing 什么是住房問題
A house is a home, building or structure that is a dwelling or place for habitation by human beings. The term house includes many kinds of dwellings ranging from rudimentary huts of nomadic tribes to free standing individual structures. In some contexts, "house" may mean the same as dwelling, residence, home, abode, lodging, accommodation, or housing, among other meanings. The social unit that lives in a house is known as a household. Most commonly, a household is a family unit of some kind, though households can be other social groups, such as single persons, or groups of unrelated individuals. Settled agrarian and industrial societies are composed of household units living permanently in housing of various types, according to a variety of forms of land tenure. English-speaking people generally call any building they routinely occupy "home". Many people leave their houses during the day for work and recreation, and return to them to sleep and for other activities.
Housing is at the heart of our everyday lives. It binds our communities, contributes to our wellbeing and affects our jobs and health opportunities. In February 2011, the Scottish Government published its strategy and action plan for housing in the next decade.
The Housing (Scotland) Act, which received Royal Assent in December 2010, will safeguard social housing for future generations by reforming the Right to Buy and improve value for tenants and taxpayers by modernising social housing regulation. As part of this, a Housing Charter will be starting point for assessing a landlord's performance, and a discussion paper has now been published. The Council House Building Fund incentivises local authorities to begin building new homes and is the first such central government support to councils in a generation.
The Scottish Government offers help to first-time buyers and better information for buyers and sellers through the Home Report. It also helps homeowners at risk of losing their homes through the Home Owners Support Fund.
It is encouraging a thriving private rent sector, which provides good quality and well managed accommodation, and in which both landlords and tenants understand their rights and responsibilities.
It has also developed the National Housing Trust initiative that aims to deliver around 1,000 homes for below private market rates rent across a number of local authority areas.
The Scottish Government is committed to ensuring that by 2012 every unintentionally homeless person will be entitled to permanent accommodation.
In addition, the Energy Assistance Package and Home Insulation Scheme have also been introduced to tackle fuel poverty and improve energy efficiency.
住房保障制度(housing security system),簡單說,就是在社會發(fā)展中,買不起房子的人也得保障他們有房子住。這是一個文明社會起碼的目標。因為住房是人生存的必要條件,這是市場經(jīng)濟下政府必須提供的一個"公共產(chǎn)品"(public goods)。
"宅基地(cartilage)"、"福利分房(welfare-oriented public housing distribution system)"都是住房保障制度的一種具體形式。它們是低生產(chǎn)力(productivity)水平下保障"人人有房住"的制度。依靠市場配置住房資源,并不等于說人人都只能依靠自己的收入買房子住,也不等于說人人都只能靠市場化競爭(market competition)、自主分散決策來獲取住房。在市場經(jīng)濟(market economy)條件下,為了保障每個人都有房子住,政府要實施一些特殊的政策措施,幫助單純依靠市場解決住房有困難的群體。這個政策體系的總稱,就叫做住房保障制度。住房保障制度和失業(yè)保障(unemployment security)、養(yǎng)老保障(social security)、醫(yī)療保障(medical security)等都是社會保障體系的組成部分。
There's a growing need for cheap housing in the larger cities.
大城市對低價住房的要求越來越迫切了。
When you rent a house, you pay its owner a fix monthly amount to live there.
當你租房時,你需要每個月付給房東固定的租金。
There is a wide variety of rental housing in China. In the cities, this mostly means apartments.
在中國,出租的住宅種類繁多。城市中出租的主要是單元公寓住宅。
The rising demand and the concurrent raising of prices by investors are to blame.
房地產(chǎn)需求的持續(xù)增長和房地產(chǎn)商不斷提價是房價上漲的主要原因。
It is unrealistic to help each person purchase an apartment of his/her own.
為每個人提供購房補貼是不現(xiàn)實的。
The real estate industry should focus on developing reasonably priced commercial housing for ordinary people.
房地產(chǎn)業(yè)應重點發(fā)展面向廣大群眾的普通商品住房。
A whopping 80 percent believe that real estate prices would continue to rise this year, and 30 percent fear it would do so at a greater pace.
高達80%的受訪者認為今年的房價還會繼續(xù)攀升,30%的人擔心今年的漲幅將會更大。
Many people prefer to live near the center of cities, but because houses there are expensive, they often commute from suburbs.
許多人比較喜歡住得離市中心近一點,但是因為那兒的房子太貴,所以他們經(jīng)常住郊區(qū)上下班往返。
Mortgage slave is adopted to describe those people whose mortgage payment is more than half of their monthly salary.
"房奴"一詞被用來描述那些按揭還款超過月薪一半的人。
Buying a house for most of the people is once in a lifetime decision, which means people decide to do so only after coming across the ideal house.
買房對于大多數(shù)人來說是個一輩子的決定,但做出這個決定的前提是必須要遇到一套理想的房子。
When you buy a property for the first time, it is usually a small flat, simply because you can't afford a bigger place.
人們很難負擔得起大房子昂貴的房價,所以第一次買的房子通常都是一些小型的公寓房。
As you get older and have better jobs and higher pay, and perhaps have a family, then you buy a bigger house and sell your small one; you can keep doing this till you retire, it's like climbing up a ladder.
隨著年齡的增長,找到理想的工作、特別是隨著收入的提高,組建了家庭以后,人們通常會賣掉原來的小公寓房,轉(zhuǎn)而購買更大一些的住宅。如果你愿意的話,可以一直這樣從小到大地換下去,直到退休為止。而這個過程就像是在爬梯子。
About 60% of first-time buyers would consider borrowing five times their salary. Four out of five are willing to take on extra long term mortgages and nearly 40% would sign up for riskier interest-only mortgages.
差不多60%的初次購房者將考慮借自己年薪五倍左右的錢。而80%的人愿意延長還貸期限。更有將近四成的人選擇風險更高的支付利息的貸款方式。
Nowadays, the proportion of investment into economically affordable housing only accounts for 5 percent of the total, which is far short of the increasing demand for new houses from middle and low-income families.
目前,經(jīng)濟適用房的投資比例只占房地產(chǎn)總投資的5%,遠遠不能滿足中低收入家庭不斷增長的購房需要。
After years of frothy price growth, these developers are also facing the prospect of a turning point in China's broader property market, especially in the south, a stronghold for many of the biggest developers.
中國房價泡沫經(jīng)過多年的膨脹后,開發(fā)商將遇到一場大范圍的房價逆轉(zhuǎn),特別是在許多大開發(fā)商盤踞的華南地區(qū)。
Agent: Good morning. May I help you, Madam?
代理人:早上好。有什么可以幫你嗎,夫人?
Mrs. Smith: Yes. My husband and I are interested in renting a house for the winter.
史密斯夫人:是的。我和我丈夫想租一間房子過冬。
Agent: Do you want a furnished house or an unfurnished house?
代理人:你想要帶家具的還是不帶家具的?
Mrs. Smith: Furnished. Bur we have our own sheets and towels.
史密斯夫人:帶家具的。但是我們自己有被單和毛巾。
Agent: Very well. How long do you want the house? All winter?
代理人:很好。你們要租多長時間?整個冬天嗎?
Mrs. Smith: Yes. For three months. Is the house in good condition?
史密斯夫人:是的。要三個月。房子的狀況好嗎?
Agent: Yes, it is. It was just painted and it has all the modern conveniences, including the heating system.
代理人:好。剛剛刷過油漆,現(xiàn)代化設備齊全,包括暖氣設備。
Mrs. Smith: Good. How much is the rent?
史密斯夫人:太好了!租金是多少?
Agent: It is 130 dollars per month. When would you like to see it?
代理人:一個月130美元。你什么時候去看看?
Mrs. Smith: Tomorrow morning. I will come with my husband. How much security do you want?
史密斯夫人:明天上午。我會和丈夫一起來。押金多少?
Agent: Two months' rent. You'll get the money back when you move.
代理人:兩個月的租金。離開時退給你。
Next morning:
第二天上午:
Mrs. Smith: May I come in?
史密斯夫人:我可以進來嗎?
Agent: Yeah, please do. Now let me show you the house.
代理人:請進來吧。我來帶你看一看房子吧。
Mrs. Smith: This seems like a pretty nice room, I should say.
史密斯夫人:房子看起來還是相當不錯的。
Agent: You bet. This is nicest room in the district. You know what, I just had all the wall repainted last month.
代理人:你說對了。這是這個區(qū)最好的房子。你知道嗎,上個月我剛把所有的墻壁粉刷了一下。
Mrs. Smith: What about the kitchen?
史密斯夫人:廚房怎么樣?
Agent: It's a well furnished eat-in kitchen. The stove and the icebox are in good order, and the plumbing is OK, too.
代理人:廚房設備很全,可以在里面吃飯。爐灶和冰箱都正常,管道也沒有問題。
Mrs. Smith: I see. I'd like to live here for about three years.
史密斯夫人:哦,我知道了。我打算在這里住上三年。
Agent: Terrific! When are you moving in?
代理人:太好了!你什么時候搬進來?
Mrs. Smith: Next Saturday at the earliest.
史密斯夫人:最快也得下周六。