分詞
1. 分詞作定語
1) 分詞作定語既可以放在所修飾的詞之前,作前置定語,也可以放在所修飾的詞后面,作后置定語。其作用相當(dāng)于一個定語從句。例如:
Where are the reserved seats? (=Where are the seats which have been reserved?)
預(yù)定的座位在哪里?
This is a pressing problem. (=This is a problem which is pressing.)
這是一個緊迫的問題。
2) 分詞作后置定語可分為限制性(緊跟在所修飾的中心詞之后)和非限制性(用逗號與其所修飾的中心詞分開)兩種,其作用分別相當(dāng)于一個限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。例如:
The funds raised (= which have been raised) are mainly used for helping the homeless.
籌集的資金主要用來幫助那些無家可歸的人。
There are many students waiting (= who are waiting) to get examined.
有許多學(xué)生在等待檢查。
This book, written (= which is written) in simple English, is suitable for beginners.
本書是用淺顯的英語寫的,適合初學(xué)者。
3) 分詞常和形容詞、副詞或名詞構(gòu)成合成形容詞作定語。例如:
The flower-carrying girl must be waiting for someone.
那位手持鮮花的姑娘一定在等人。
The newly-built building is our office building.
這座新建的大樓是我們的辦公樓。
4) 有些不及物動詞的過去分詞作定語,并不表示被動的意思而是表示完成。這類過去分詞常作前置修飾語。例如:
There are a lot of fallen leaves in autumn.
秋天有許多落葉。
The film describes the story about the police who pursue an escaped man.
這部電影描述的是警察抓逃犯的事。
常用的這一類詞有:fallen, faded, returned, retired, risen, grown up, vanished等。
2. 分詞作賓語補足語
1) 跟分詞作賓補的動詞有:catch, have get, keep, hear, find, feel, leave, make, want, start, notice, observe, watch, set等。例如:
When they returned home from the holiday, they found their house stolen.
當(dāng)他們度假完回到家時,發(fā)現(xiàn)房子被盜了。(過去分詞表示被動)
2) 在復(fù)合賓語中,用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補,說明賓語是動作的發(fā)出者,形成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系;用過去分詞作賓補,表示賓語是動作的承受者,構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系。例如:
There was so much noise that the speaker couldn't make himself heard.
由于十分吵鬧,講話人沒法讓人聽到他的聲音。
When he awoke, he found himself being looked after by an old woman.
他醒來的時候發(fā)現(xiàn)一位老大娘正在照顧他。
3. 分詞作狀語
1) 分詞或分詞短語作狀語時,可以表示時間、原因、讓步、條件、方式或伴隨狀況。通??赊D(zhuǎn)換成相應(yīng)的狀語從句;表示方式或伴隨狀況的可以轉(zhuǎn)換成并列句或非限制性定語從句。例如:
Confined to bed (= Because she was confined to bed), she needed to be waited on in everything.
她臥病在床,什么事都需要人伺候。(作原因狀語)
Having only book knowledge (= If you only have book knowledge), you will not be
able to work well.
如果只有書本知識,你就不可能做好工作。(作條件狀語)
They stood there waiting for the bus. (=They stood there and waited for the bus.)
他們站在那里等公共汽車。(作方式狀語)
2) 現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作狀語時的用法比較
不管是現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞作狀語,如果單獨作狀語,其邏輯主語必須和主句的主語一致。分詞作狀語通??梢赞D(zhuǎn)換成一個相應(yīng)的狀語從句,如果狀語從句中的謂語動詞為被動結(jié)構(gòu),就用過去分詞;如果狀語從句中的謂語動詞為主動結(jié)構(gòu),就用現(xiàn)在分詞。有時為了強調(diào),分詞前可帶連詞when, while, if, though, as if, unless等一起作狀語,以便使句子的意思更清楚、更連貫。例如:
Working hard (If you work hard), you will succeed.
如果你努力,你會成功的。
Defeated (= Though he was defeated), he remained a popular boxer.
雖然他被擊敗了,但他仍然是一個受人喜愛的拳擊手。
4. 分詞的獨立結(jié)構(gòu)
1) 分詞作狀語時,要特別注意其邏輯主語必須和謂語動詞的主語一致。否則,分詞必須有自己的主語,這種帶主語的分詞被稱為分詞的獨立結(jié)構(gòu),或叫獨立主格。在句中作狀語,表示時間、原因、條件等。例如:
The project finished, they had a two weeks' leave.
完成那個計劃后,他們休了兩周假。
He being absent, nothing could be done.
由于他缺席,什么事也沒法干。
2) 獨立結(jié)構(gòu)有時也可以用“with/ without +名詞(或代詞的賓語)+ 分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu),表示伴隨狀況。例如:
They sat there silently, (with) their eyes fixedon the lake.
他們靜靜地坐在那里,眼睛看著湖面。
With him helping me, I felt lucky.
有他的幫助,我感到很幸運。
5 . 容易混淆的現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞
像 interesting 和 interested 一類的分詞在意義和用法上很容易混淆,一般可作如下區(qū)分:
( 1 )一部分表示“情感;心情”等意義的動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞有“令人……的;具有……性質(zhì)的”的意思,常用來說明人或事物的特征或性質(zhì)。如:
The president made an inspiring speech at the meeting yesterday.
( 2 )它們的過去分詞有“感到……的”的意思,用來指人的感覺或所處的狀態(tài),因而它的主語一般不可能是指物的詞。如:
He was too excited to fall asleep.
這類容易混淆的分詞常見的有: encouraging, encouraged; disappointing, disappointed; exciting, excited; inspiring, inspired; interesting, interested; puzzling, puzzled; astonishing, astonished; surprising, surprised 等。
非謂語動詞經(jīng)典例題解析:
1.The Olympic Games, ______ in 776 B.C,did’t include women players until 1919.
A.first playing
B.to be first played
C.first played
D.to be first playing
析:根據(jù)題干,必須選表示被動的選項,故排除A、D;因B選項表“將要被舉行”意,不合題干之用,只有C選項(相當(dāng)于which was first played)才合用。
2.European football is played in 80 countries, ______ it the most popular sport in the world.
A.making
B.makes
C.made
D.to make
析:B、C是謂語動詞,在此不可用。D項to make或表目的,或表“將要使得”,這都不合題干情景。只有A.making,可作狀語,表結(jié)果。再舉一現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語例: The bus was held up by the snowstorm,causing the delay.公共汽車被大風(fēng)雪所阻,因而耽誤了。
3.Little Jim should love ______ to the theatre this evening.
A.to be taken
B.to take
C.being taken
D.taking
析:根據(jù)this evening,應(yīng)選表示將來義的選項,C、D應(yīng)排除。Take后無賓語,必然要用被動式,故答案為A。
4.John was made ______ the truck for a week as a punishment.
A.to wash
B.washing
C.wash
D.to be washing
析:根據(jù)be made to do sth.句式,可定答案為A。
5.The patient was warned ______ oily food after the operation.
A.to eat not
B.eating not
C.not to eat
D.not eating
析:根據(jù)warn sb.(not)to do sth.句式,可排除B、D兩項;又根據(jù)非謂語動詞的否定式not總是在首位的規(guī)律,又可排除A,而定C。
6.——I usually go there by train. ——Why not ______ by boat for a change?
A.to try going
B.trying to go
C.to try and go
D.try going
析:此題可根據(jù)why not后直接跟原形動詞規(guī)律而一舉確定正確答案為D。若將B項改為try to go,則要根據(jù)其與try going意義之別來確定答案。依據(jù)題干對話內(nèi)容,乙方是建議甲方嘗試乘船變變花樣,所以答案仍為D。
7.______ a reply,he decided to write again.
A.Not receiving
B.Receiving not
C.Not having received
D.Having not received
析:非謂語動詞的否定式not應(yīng)置于首位,B、D皆為錯誤形式。A項不能表達(dá)先于decided的動作,只有選C項才表沒收到信在先,決定再寫信在后,所以C為正確答案。
8.Charles Babbage is generally considered ______ the first computer.
A.to invent
B.inventing
C.to have invented
D.having mvented
析:consider表“考慮”意時,其后動詞用doing形式,此處不表“考慮”,而表“認(rèn)為”,這時consider后作賓語補足語或主語補足語多為to do,to have done,to be等形式。據(jù)此可排除B、D兩個選項。又因A表“要發(fā)明”意,不合題用,只有C表“發(fā)明了”意,才合題用,故選C。
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