一、介詞
13.1 介詞的定義和用法
介詞(preposition)又叫做前置詞,一般置于名詞之前。它是一種虛詞,一般不重讀,在句中不單獨(dú)作任何句子成分,只表示其后的名詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞語與其它句子成分的關(guān)系。
介詞后面的名詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞語叫做介詞賓語。可作介詞賓語的詞語通常有:
1)名詞或名詞性從句,如:
(1)He lives near the institute. 他住在學(xué)院附近。
(2)This will give you some idea of what relativity means. 這會(huì)給你一些關(guān)于相對(duì)論意義的概念。
2)代詞,如:
(3)I am angry with him. 我生他的氣。
3)動(dòng)名詞或動(dòng)名詞短語,如:
(4)I have an idea for solving this problem. 我有一個(gè)解決這個(gè)問題的想法。
4)不定式(只限于介詞but和except),如:
(5)I could do nothing but just sit there and hope. 我除了坐等別無它法。
(6)I can do nothing for them except to send them money. 我除了給他們寄錢以外,什么也不能幫他們。
5)數(shù)詞,如:
(7)Four from seven leaves three. 7減4余3。
6)形容詞,如:
(8)I know it from old. 我早就知道它。
7)副詞,如:
(9)I can’t stay for long. 我不能久待。
英語介詞往往相當(dāng)于漢語的動(dòng)詞。如:
(10)The policeman helped the old woman across the street. 警察幫助老大娘過馬路。(介詞across等于“過”)
(11)Are you for it or against it? 你贊成還是反對(duì)?(介詞for等于“贊成”,介詞against等于“反對(duì)”)
13.2 介詞的種類
介詞可按其構(gòu)成分為:
1)簡(jiǎn)單介詞(simple preposition),即單一介詞,如at,in,of,since等。
2)復(fù)合介詞(compound preposition),由兩個(gè)介詞組成,如as for,as to,into,out of等。
3)二重介詞(double preposition),由兩個(gè)介詞搭配而成,但沒有復(fù)合介詞那樣固定,如from under,from behind,until after,expect in等。
4)短語介詞(phrasal preposition),由短語構(gòu)成,如according to,because of,in spite of,on behalf of,with reference to等。
5)分詞介詞(participle preposition),由現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成,如regarding,concerning,including等。
介詞還可按其詞義分為下列常見的幾種:
1)表地點(diǎn)(包括動(dòng)向),如about,above,after,along,among,at, before,behind,below,beneath,beside,between,beyond,by,down,from,in,into,off,on,over,through,throughout,to,under,up,upon,with,within,without等。
[注]有不少表地點(diǎn)的介詞表動(dòng)向,除很明顯的across,around,near,towards外,還有among,behind,beneath,between,on,to,under等。
2)表時(shí)間,如about,after,around,as,at,before,behind,between,by,during,for,from,in,into,of,on,over,past,since,through,throughout,till(until),to,towards,within等。
3)表除去,如besides,but,except等。
4)表比較,如as,like,above,over等。
5)表反對(duì),如against,with等。
6)表原因、目的,如for,with,from等。
7)表結(jié)果,如to,with,without等。
8)表手段、方式,如by,in,with等。
9)表所屬,如of,with等。
10)表?xiàng)l件,如on,without,considering等。
11)表讓步,如despite,in spite of,notwithstanding等。
12)表關(guān)于,如about,concerning,regarding,with regard to,as for,as to等。
13)表對(duì)于,如to,for,over,at,with等。
14)表根據(jù),如on,according to等。
15)表其它,如for(贊成),without(沒有)等。
13.3 介詞短語及其功用
介詞和介詞賓語一起構(gòu)成介詞短語(prepositional phrase)。介詞短語在句中可作為:
1)主語,如:
(1)That day between three and four thousand shells passed over our heads. 那一天,有三千到四千發(fā)炮彈從我們頭上飛過。
(2)From Beijing to Tianjin is two hours by train. 從北京到天津坐火車需要二小時(shí)。
2)表語,如:
(3)She looks like an actress. 她像演員。
(4)Mr. and Mrs. Smith are from New York. 史密斯夫婦是紐約人。
[注]以前人們多把He is in the house.中的is看作行為動(dòng)詞(=exists),而把in the house看作狀語。現(xiàn)在人們多把is看作連系動(dòng)詞,從而把in the house看作表語。
3)賓語,如:
(5)I’ll give you until tomorrow. 我給你限期到明天。
(6)The eight thieves served a sentence of between 2 and 7 years. 8個(gè)盜竊犯服刑二到七年。
4)定語,如:
(7)The end of colonialism is now a question of time. 殖民主義的結(jié)束現(xiàn)在已是一個(gè)時(shí)間問題了。
(8)A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患難見真知。
5)狀語,如:
(9)Albert has so much work to do that he is staying late at the office. 艾伯特工作很多,現(xiàn)在在辦公室加班呢。
(10)Dona covered her face with her hand as if swooning. 多娜用手捂著臉,好像要昏過去。
(11)Lombard dropped to his knees and peeped through the keyhole. 隆巴德跪在地上,從鎖孔往里窺視。
(12)Notwithstanding the bad weather, the ship arriver on schedule. 盡管天氣很壞,該船仍按時(shí)抵達(dá)。
6)補(bǔ)語,如:
(13)As a scientist, he was dedicated to the truth. 作為一個(gè)科學(xué)家,他獻(xiàn)身于追求真理。(主語補(bǔ)語)
(14)They found themselves in a dark wood. 他們不覺走入一座黑沉沉的樹林。(賓語補(bǔ)語)
13.4 介詞兼作副詞和連詞
有一些介詞可兼作副詞,這種介詞亦可稱作小品詞(particle)。試比較:
(1)My mother is in the house. 我母親在屋里。(介詞)
(2)Is there anybody in? 里面有人嗎?(副詞)
(3)The programme was broadcast over the radio. 這個(gè)節(jié)目是通過電臺(tái)廣(介詞)
(4)The programme is over. 這個(gè)節(jié)目播完了。(副詞)
請(qǐng)注意下面兩句中的與介詞形式相同的副詞:
(5)He turned over the page. 他翻過書頁。(over在此是副詞,與turned組成短語動(dòng)詞)
(6)I’ve put on weight. 我體重增加了。(on在此是副詞,與put組成短語動(dòng)詞)
請(qǐng)注意下面兩句中的與副詞形式相同的介詞:
(7)The boat moved slowly down the river. 那船沿河緩緩而下。(down在此是介詞)
(8)He climbed up the tree. 他爬上了樹。(up在此是介詞)
還有少數(shù)介詞可以兼作連詞,如after,before,since,till(until)等。如:
(9)The ball goes up very high after it hits the ground. 這球著地后蹦得很高。
(10)It will not be long before they come back. 他們不久就回來。
(11)I can’t make you out. You’re so changed since last we met. 我認(rèn)不得你了。自上次見面后,你可變多了。
(12)Will you be all right until I get back? 在我回來之前你會(huì)一切都好嗎?
13.5 介詞與其它詞類的搭配
由于英語名詞的格的形態(tài)變化逐漸減少,因而介詞與名詞及其它詞類的搭配關(guān)系也愈加重要。這種搭配,有許多已變成習(xí)慣,需要一一牢記。
1)與名詞的搭配,有的與后面的名詞搭配。如:at home 在家;by the door 在門口;in the city 在城里;at three o’clock 在3點(diǎn)鐘;on Sunday 在星期日;during the night 在夜里;till next week 到下周為止;in 1921 在1921年;over the weekend 整個(gè)周末;with care 小心地;for good 永久地;past hope 已無希望;across the country 全國;in excitement 激動(dòng)地
有的與前面的名詞搭配,如:acquaintances with 與‥‥相識(shí);attention to 對(duì)‥‥注意;contribution to 對(duì)‥‥貢獻(xiàn);desire for 對(duì)‥‥愿望;devotion to 獻(xiàn)身于;independence of 獨(dú)立于;equality with與‥‥平等;interest in 對(duì)‥‥感興趣;love for 對(duì)‥‥的熱愛;objection to 對(duì)‥‥反對(duì);offence against 冒犯‥‥;outlook on 對(duì)‥‥眺望;persistence in 堅(jiān)持‥‥;popularity with 為‥‥所歡迎;similarity with 與‥‥類似;sympathy with 對(duì)‥‥同情
2)與動(dòng)詞的搭配。如:account for 說明;aim at 針對(duì);amount to 合計(jì);begin with 從‥‥開始;cooperate with 與‥‥合作;depart from 離開;die of 死于;indulge in 耽于;interest oneself in 感興趣于;lead to 導(dǎo)致;listen to 聽;meddle with 亂動(dòng);object to 反對(duì);offend against冒犯;persist in 堅(jiān)持;play with 玩弄;refer to 歸于;specialize in 專攻;sympathize with同情
3 )與形容詞搭配。如:absent from 不在(某處);afraid of 害怕;averse to 不喜歡;clever at 擅長(zhǎng);equal to 與‥‥平等;faithful to 對(duì)‥‥忠實(shí);famous for 以‥‥著稱;full of 充滿;guilty of 犯(罪)等;hostile to 對(duì)‥‥有敵意;independent of 獨(dú)立于;indulgent in 耽于;interested in 感興趣于;keen on 喜愛;opposite to 與‥‥對(duì)面;partial to 偏愛;popular with 受‥‥的歡迎;similar to 與‥‥類似;sympathetic with 對(duì)‥‥同情
注意:
1) 詞根或詞源相同的名詞、動(dòng)詞和形容詞多共用一個(gè)介詞,如:
indulge/indulgence/indulgent (in) 耽于
sympathy/sympathize/sympathetic (with) 同情
objection/object (to) 反對(duì)
popularity/popular (with) 受歡迎
但也有例外,如:
equal to / equality with 與‥‥平等
married to / marriage with 與‥‥結(jié)婚
2)一個(gè)名詞、動(dòng)詞或形容詞往往可以和一個(gè)以上的介詞搭配。其意義有所不同,如look for與look at;compare with與compare to;feel sympathy for somebody與have no sympathy with someone’s foolish opinions等。但有時(shí)區(qū)別并不大,如friendly with (或to),popular with (或among),originate in (或from)等?,F(xiàn)在就連die of與die from的區(qū)別也似乎不甚明顯了。
13.6 介詞的后置
前已說過,介詞一般須放在名詞之前,但在下列情況下,則常后置(常在全句或分句或從句之末):
1)介詞賓語為疑問詞時(shí)。如:
(1)What are you talking about? 你們?cè)谡勈裁?
(2)Where are you from? 你是哪里人?
(3)What for? 為什么?
在間接疑問句和感嘆句中介詞亦可后置。如:
(4)I don’t know what you are talking about. 我不知道你們?cè)谡勈裁??(間接疑問句)
(5)What a jolly mess I am in! 我所處的局面多么糟啊!(感嘆句)
2)介詞賓語為關(guān)系代詞或縮合連接代詞時(shí)。如:
(6)Do you remember the book which the teacher referred us to? 你記得老師叫我們看的那本書嗎?
(7)That’s what he is talking about? 那就是他所談的事。
[注]在正式文體中,介詞亦可放在疑問詞、關(guān)系代詞、連接代詞之前。如:
?、賅ith whom did you go? 你同誰一道去?
②This is the book from which I got the story. 這就是我從中讀到這個(gè)故事的那本書。
?、跢rom what I hear, he is a good swimmer. 我聽說,他是個(gè)優(yōu)秀的游泳運(yùn)動(dòng)員。(from what I hear是一固定詞組,from須置于what之前)
3)在其它情況下。如:
(8)“There’s nothing to be afraid of,” Mother said. “沒有什么可怕的,”媽媽說道。
(9)It is a fact that here I could not find one garbage can to throw trash in. 確實(shí),我在這里連一個(gè)倒垃圾的垃圾桶都找不到。
(10)We helped the troupe avoid the kind of trouble it had met with elsewhere. 我們幫助這個(gè)劇團(tuán)避免了它在別處遇到過的那種麻煩。(介詞with在此并不位于句末)
(11)I will try to get it over with as quickly as possible. 我一定盡快地把它結(jié)束。(to get it over with是一固定說法)
13.7 介詞的省略
現(xiàn)代英語在某些情況下看來一種省略介詞的趨勢(shì)。
1)省去as,如:
(1)I consider him an expert. 我認(rèn)為他是一位專家,(him之后省去as,現(xiàn)在一般認(rèn)為不應(yīng)用as)
2)省去at,如:
(2)What time did you arrive home? 你什么時(shí)候到家的?(what前省去at)
(3)It is hard work keeping the grass green this time of year. 一年中這個(gè)時(shí)節(jié)保持綠草不枯,要費(fèi)很大氣力。(this time前省去at)
3)省去by,如:
(4)I sent the letter airmail. 我將此信由航空寄出。(airmail前省去by)
(5)I want to go economy. 我要節(jié)約。(economy前省去by)
4)省去from,如:
(6)Illness prevented him going. 疾病使他未能成行。(going前省去from)
(7)Can’t you stop the child getting into mischief? 你就不能使孩子不淘氣?(getting前省去from)
5)省去in,如:
(8)I had started a schoolboy diary the same year I entered the Latin School, in 1928. 我作為學(xué)生記日記是我于1928年進(jìn)入拉丁學(xué)校時(shí)開始的。(the same year前省去in)
(9)They have recruited few new barbers the past three years. 在過去三年中,他們很少補(bǔ)充新理發(fā)師。(the past three years前省去in)
有些動(dòng)名詞之前常省去in,如:
(10)I have been some time answering this question. 我想了一些時(shí)候才回答這個(gè)問題。(answering前省去in)
(11)He showed his appreciation for her assistance helping him practice English. 他對(duì)她幫他練習(xí)英語表示感謝。(helping前省去in)
6)省去of,如:
(12)The Pacific Ocean is so big that it could hold twenty countries the size of the United States. 太平洋很大,它可以裝得下20個(gè)美國那樣大的國家。(the size前省去of)
(13)What colour is it? 它是什么顏色?(what前省去of)
(14)He plunged out the doors. 他沖出門口。(美國英語out=out of)
6)省去on,如:
(15)The police arrested him on an assault charge the evening of November 18. 警察于11月18日以毆打罪逮捕了他。(the evening前省去on)
(16)He meant to go hunting. 他意欲打獵。(hunting前省去on?,F(xiàn)今也有語法空認(rèn)為go是連系動(dòng)詞,hunting是表語)
7)省去to,如:
(17)He never failed to show the traditional respect due Prof. Lin. 他對(duì)林教授一向按照傳統(tǒng)尊崇備至。(due后省去to)
(18)The reception accorded the book has been very gratifying. 這本書受到歡迎是非??上驳氖隆?accorded后省去to)
9)在列舉一系列名詞時(shí),介詞可省去,以免重復(fù),如:
(19)When you’re lying without moving, you suddenly get an itch on the shoulder, the head, the back. 當(dāng)你躲著一動(dòng)不動(dòng)時(shí),你會(huì)突然感到肩上、頭上、背上一陳搔癢。
但在下面句子中由于強(qiáng)調(diào)介詞of,故須重復(fù):
(20)He was guilty of vanity, of several meannesses. 他有虛榮心,干過好幾樁卑劣的事。
下面一句中連詞and前后的介詞不同,故一般皆不可省略:
(21)Dr. Sun has agreed to be an adviser to and member of the board of the college. 孫博士同意擔(dān)任這所學(xué)院的顧問和董事。
[注]在某些現(xiàn)成說法中,介詞的賓詞亦可省略。如:
?、貶ave you put the kettle on? 你把水壺放在爐子上了嗎?(介詞on后省去the fire)
②When do you go off? 你什么時(shí)候休息?(介詞off后省去duty)
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