狀語(adverbial)是修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞以及全句的句子成分。如:
(1)The girl is improving remarkably. 這個女孩大有進步。(副詞remarkably用作狀語,修飾動詞短語is improving)
(2)The girl is remarkably beautiful. 這個姑娘非常美。(副詞remarkably用作狀語,修飾形容詞beautiful)
(3)The girl is improving remarkably fast. 這個女孩進步得很快。(副詞remarkably用作狀語,修飾副詞fast)
(4)Unfortunately, the message never arrived. 不幸,通知從未到達。(副詞unfortunately用作狀語,修飾全句)
狀語亦可修飾短語和從句。如:
(5)He has traveled entirely around the world. 他周游了全世界。(副詞entirely用作狀語,修飾短語around the world)
(6)I did it only because I felt it to be my duty. 我做此事僅僅因為我覺得它是我的責任。(only修飾because引導的從句)
狀語雖是一種修飾語,但有時在基本結(jié)構(gòu)中卻是必須的,否則基本結(jié)構(gòu)的意義就不會完整。如:
(7)He lived in London. 他住在倫敦。
(8)The chrysalis slowly turned into a butterfly. 那蛹慢慢地變成了蝴蝶。
(9)It costs too much. 它太貴了。
可用作狀語的有副詞、名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語、從句等。
1)副詞最常用作狀語,位置比較靈活,可置于句末、句首和句中。如:
(10)He speaks the language badly but reads it well. 這種語言,他講得不好,但閱讀力很強。(置于句末)
(11)Naturally we expect hotel guests to lock their doors. 當然我們期望旅館的旅客把房門鎖上。(置于句首)
(12)If I remember rightly, we turn left now. 我如記得不錯,我們現(xiàn)在該左轉(zhuǎn)彎了。(置于從句之末)
(13)He has always lived in that house. 他一向住在那棟房子里,(置于句中,位于助動詞與主要動詞之前)
(14)I couldn’t very well refuse to go. 我不大好拒絕去。(位于句中)
副詞用作狀語修飾形容詞和其它副詞時,一般皆前置。如:
(15)The kitchen is reasonably clean. 廚房還算干凈。(副詞用作狀語修飾形容詞)
(16)He did the work fairly well. 那份工作他做得還算好。(副詞用作狀語修飾另一副詞)
但副詞enough用作狀語時須后置。如:
(17)Is the room big enough for a party? 這個房間容得下一個晚會嗎?(副詞enough后置,修飾形容詞)
(18)He didn’t run quickly enough to catch the bus. 他跑得不夠快,沒有趕上那部公共汽車。(后置,修飾副詞)
2)名詞用作狀語,多置于句末。如:
(19)Wait a moment. 等一會兒。
(20)They walked single file. 他們單行走。
(21)The Party teaches us to serve the people heart and soul. 黨教導我們要全心全意為人民服務。
有些名詞在一些固定詞組中用作狀語,置于所修飾的詞之前。如:
pitch-black 漆黑的
bottle feed 喂嬰兒以瓶奶
day-dream 做白日夢
ice-cold 冰冷的
showroom new 嶄新的
3)一些指示代詞、不定代詞可以用作狀語,多置于其所修飾的詞語之前。如:
(22)I can’t eat that much. 我可吃不了那么多。
(23)We have walked this far without stopping. 我們不停地走了這么遠。
(24)We’ll buy it if it’s any good. 如它真好,我們就買。
(25)My coffee is none too hot. 我的咖啡不很熱。
(26)There were some thirty people there. 那里大約有30人。
(27)Can you move along a little? 你可以往前挪一挪嗎?(a little后置)
4)數(shù)詞有時亦可用作狀語,多置于動詞之后。如:
(28)I hate riding two on a bike. 我不喜歡兩個人騎一輛自行車。
(29)He wouldn’t sit thirteen to dinner. 他不愿意在宴會上坐第13個座位。
(30)Ten to one, he will come tomorrow. 十有八九他明天會來。(比例用作句子狀語,置于句首)
5)某些形容詞有時可以用作狀語,多置于另一形容詞之前。如:
devilish cold 極冷
tight-fitting 緊貼身的
new-born 新生的
white hot 白熱化的
dead tired 累極
nice and fast 快得很
6)不定式用作狀語,多置于句末,強調(diào)時亦可置于。如:
(31)At the top we stopped to look at the view. 到了頂上,我們停了下來眺望景色。
(32)You have only to ask to get it. 你只要請求即可得到它。
(33)To kill bugs, spray the area regularly. 為了殺死臭蟲,這地方要經(jīng)常噴灑。(`為了強調(diào)置于句首)
7)分詞用作狀語,多置于句首與句末,有時也置于句中。如:
(34)Arriving at the station, we learned that the train had already gone. 到了車站,我們獲悉火車已開走了。
(35)I began to get the shakes just thinking about the test. 我一想到考試,就心驚膽戰(zhàn)。
(36)This thing, happening at the right time, has helped our cause. 此事發(fā)生的時機適宜,故有助我們的事業(yè)。
8)介詞短語用作狀語,多置于句末和句首,但有時亦可置于句中。如:
(37)I’ve been feeling slightly ill for a week. 我感到稍有不適已經(jīng)一個星期了。
(38)At the moment he’s out of work. 他目前沒有工作。
(39)At the end of the film, I was in tears. 看到影片的末尾時,我流淚了。(兩個介詞短語最好分開,一個置于句首,一個置于句末)
(40)Where on earth is it? 它到底在哪兒呀?
9)從句用作狀語,多置于句末或句首。如:
(41)We chatted as we walked along. 我們邊走邊聊。
(42)Even of she laughs at him, he adores her. 盡管她嘲笑他,他還是很喜歡她。
狀語按其修飾關系共有兩大類:一是一般狀語,修飾句中的動詞、形容詞、副詞等句子成分;另一類是修飾或說明或連接句子的句子狀語。
第一類狀語為數(shù)最多。按其用途,它又可分為時間、地點、方面、原因、結(jié)果、目的、條件、讓步、程度、方式、伴隨情況等11種。
1)時間狀語,多位于句末和句首,有時亦可置于句中。如:
(43)Shall we do the shopping today or tomorrow? 我們是今天還是明天出去買東西呀?(置于句末)
(44)After taking my name and address, he asked me a lot of questions. 他把我的姓名和住址記下后,還問了我許多問題。(置于句首)
(45)In cotton China now leads the world. 在棉花產(chǎn)量方面中國現(xiàn)在在世界上是領先的。(置于句中)
注意時間狀語一般不可置于謂語與賓語之間。
有些表示不定頻度的時間副詞,如always,usually,often,frequently,sometimes,occasionally,seldom,等,用作狀語時,常置于句中。如:
(46)I will always remember her. 我將對她永志不忘。(置于助動詞與主要動詞之間)
(47)I always stay in bed late on Sunday. 星期天我常睡懶覺。(置于謂語動詞之前)
(48)George is always late for school. 喬治上學總是遲到。(置于連系動詞與表語之間)
(49)He usually leaves before eight o’clock. 他通常于8時前離家。(置于謂語動詞之前)
(50)Such places are seldom visited. 這種地方很少有人來旅游。(置于被動語態(tài)之中)
[注]頻度副詞大都不僅可置于句中,亦可置于句末與句首。句首的語氣最強,句末次之,句中的語氣最弱。如:
?、賅e go there often. 我們常到那里來。(句末)
?、贖e often sees us. 他常來看我們。(句中)
?、踁ery often he come in late. 他常常遲到。(句首)
一個以上的時間狀語并列使用時,一般來說,最小的時間單位在前,后接較大的時間單位,最大的時間單位應放在最后。如:
(51)They reached home at five o’clock in the evening. 他們于傍晚5時到家。
(52)We’ll discuss the matter during lunch tomorrow. 我們將于明日午餐時討論這件事。
(53)He’ll be staying here for the summer every year. 他將于每年夏天住在這里。
[注]但在口語中可說tomorrow at eight(明天8點)或tonight at nine(今晚9點)等。
2)地點狀語,多置于句末,有時也位于句首和句中。如:
(54)There are plenty of fish in the sea. 海里有許多魚。(置于句末)
(55)She kissed her mother on the platform. 她在月臺上吻了她的母親。(置于句末)
(56)There she goes, driving too fast as usual. 她走了,車還是開得太快。(置于句首)
(57)Signs were everywhere numerous. 到處有許多招牌。(置于句中)
地點狀語除表位置外,亦表出發(fā)、去向、距離等。如:
(58)Do you speak from experience? 你這是經(jīng)驗之談?
(59)Are you going to the station? 你去火車站嗎?
(60)He went on driving for hundreds of miles. 他繼續(xù)駕駛汽車走了數(shù)百哩。
和并列的時間狀語一樣,并列的地點狀語也應將小的地點放在前面,將大的地點放在后面。如:
(61)The books lie on the table in the library. 那些書都放在圖書館的那張桌子上。
(62)The meeting will be held in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing in China. 會議將在中國北京人民大會堂舉行。
當?shù)攸c狀語與時間狀語并列時,一般應將地點狀語置于時間狀語之前。如:
(63)At the airport last night two events took place. 昨晚飛機場發(fā)生了兩件事。
(64)I stayed there for three weeks last year. 去年我在那里待了三個星期。
有時由于種種原因,亦可將地點狀語置于時間狀語之后。如:
(65)Millions of books are printed every day in China. 中國每日都出版成百萬冊的書籍。(由于強調(diào)地點狀語)
(66)Several agreements were signed yesterday in Beijing’s Great Hall of the People. 昨天在北京的人民大會堂簽訂了好幾項協(xié)定。(由于地點狀語較長)
有時為了避免句子頭重腳輕,可將時間狀語稱至句首。如:
(67)The whole morning he was working with his shears in the garden. 整個上午他都在花園里做修剪工作。
3)方面狀語,多置于句末和句首。如:
(68)He is quick in action. 他行動敏捷。
(69)Are you sure about the arrival time? 你肯定知道到站的時間嗎?
(70)So far as I am concerned, you can do what you like. 就我而論,你可以自行其是。
(71)With respect to your requests, we regret that we are not able to assist you in this matter. 關于你的請求,我們很遺憾,不能在此事上給你幫助。
4)原因狀語,包括表理由的狀語,多置于句末,有時亦可置于句首。如:
(72)She did it out of curiosity. 她做此事是出于好奇。
(73)For reasons of health he was unable to finish the book. 由于健康的原因,他未能寫完成這部書。
(74)I eat potatoes because I like them. 我吃土豆是因為我喜歡它。
(75)Because he was ill, Tom lost his job. 湯姆由于生病而失去了工作。
5)結(jié)果狀語,多由不定式、分詞和從句表示,常位于句末。如:
(76)She woke suddenly to find someone standing in the doorway. 她醒來,突然發(fā)現(xiàn)一個人站在門口。
(77)For a long time, China has lacked adequate forests, causing many catastrophes. 長期以來,中國都缺乏充足的樹林,造成許多災難。
(78)She spoke so softly that I couldn’t hear what she said. 她說得聲音很輕,我沒有能夠聽到她說些什么。
6)目的狀語,多由不定式、介詞短詞和從句等表示,常位于句末,強調(diào)時亦可置于句首。如:
(79)He ran for shelter. 他跑去避雨。
(80)Did you come to London for the purpose of seeing your family? 你來倫敦就是為了看你的家人嗎?
(81)In order to get into a good school, I must study even harder. 為了考入一個好的學校,我必須更加用功。
(82)The young girl to please the king accepted the knight. 那少女為了討國王的歡心接受了那騎士的求愛。
7)條件狀語,多由短語和從句表示,常置于句末和句首。如:
(83)We’ll be lucky to get there before dark. 我們?nèi)缒茉谔旌谝郧暗竭_那里就很幸運了。
(84)I wouldn’t have been there except for him. 如不是他,我是不會去那兒的。
(85)Turning to the right, you will find the place you are looking for. 向右拐,你就會找到你要找的地方。
(86)If he were to come, what should we say to him? 如若他來,我們將對他說什么呢?
8)讓步狀語,常由短語和從句表示,可置于句末和句首。如:
(87)They played cricket in spite of the rain. 他們冒雨打板球。
(88)Despite the difficulties, they finished the job. 盡管困難重重,他們還是把工作完成了。
(89)For all his money, he didn’t seem happy. 他盡管有錢,但似乎并不幸福。
(90)He helped me although he didn’t know me. 他雖然并不認識我,但卻幫助了我。
9)程度狀語,常由副詞、介詞短語及從句等表示。單詞多置于其所修飾的句子成分之前或之后,短語和從句一般皆置于其所修飾的句子成分之后,但有時亦可置于其所修飾的句子成分之前。如:
(91)The lecture was not very interesting. 這次講課不很有趣。(very一般只可置于其所修飾的句子成分之前)
(92)Oddly enough, we didn’t meet, although we were both there. 真怪,我們沒有碰面,雖然我們都去了那里。(enough用作狀語時置于其所修飾的句子成分之后)
(93)To what extent would you trust them? 對他們的信任度如何?
(94)At that time politicians were not known to the degree that they are today. 那時政治家們并不像今天這樣為人所知曉。
(95)He’s remarkably sure of himself, to that extent he remains very much the old Slote. 他很有信心,就此而論,他還很像往日的斯洛特。
10)方式狀語,常由副詞、短語、從句等表示。多位于句末,亦可置于句首或句中。方式狀語表示方式,亦可表示手段、比較、使用工具以及施事等。如:
(96)She looked at him concernedly. 她關切地看著他。
(97)Reluctantly she climbed to the top of the stone staircase. 她勉強地爬到石階的頂上。
(98)She listened attentively to the lecture. 她注意地聽講。
(99)Don’t look at me like that! 不要那樣看人!
(100)He smiled in an encouraging way. 他微笑著以示鼓勵。
(101)He died a glorious death fighting the bandits for us. 他為了我們打匪徒而光榮犧牲。
(102)He worked carefully, as an expert works. 他干得很謹慎,就像一個專家一樣。
(103)You look as if you need a rest. 你看來好像需要休息。
11)伴隨情況狀語,常由短語和獨立主格等表示,多位于句末和句首。如:
(104)Besides its being of no use to you, it is worse than of no use to me. 它除對你無用外,對我更是比無用還要糟。
(105)My train starts at six, arriving at Chicago at ten. 我的火車6時出發(fā),10時將到達芝加哥。
(106)He stood there, pipe in mouth. 他站在那里,嘴里銜著煙斗。
(107)“What are you waiting for?” Henry said, his impatience rising. “你還在等什么?”亨利說道,他不耐煩了。
從上面的例句看,狀語有三種位置:句末、句首與句中,句末一般為最常見的狀語位置。在同一句中,如有一個以上的狀語并列出現(xiàn),總的來說,單詞應在前,依次是名詞短語、介詞短語、非限定動詞短語,最后是狀語從句。如:
(108)The woman went weekly to church. 那女人每周都去做禮拜。(單詞在介詞短語之前)
(109)Having conducted 8500 experiments over eight years, Meng went on that year to turn out an effective fireproof paint. 八年來試驗了8500次,這年孟仍繼續(xù)干,創(chuàng)造也有特效的防火漆。(名詞短語后接不定式短語)
(110)An underground group claimed responsibility yesterday for the abduction of an American citizen, bringing to six the number of Americans held hostage in Lebanon. 昨天一個地下組織說他們劫持了一個美國公民,這樣就使在黎巴嫩的美國人質(zhì)增加到六個。(名詞在前,依次是介詞短語和現(xiàn)在分詞短語)
(111)Sally got the whiskey from it for him before he went off. 薩利在他走掉之前從柜子里拿出威士忌酒給他。(兩個介詞短語后接一個狀語從句)
有時為了避免笨重,單詞、短語和從句可分開放置。如:
(112)“I have never seen so many people in the streets. We can safely talk about millions,” he added. “我從未看見過街上有這么多人,我們可以有把握地說要以百萬計,”他補充說道。
如從語義來看,狀語的一般順序應是方面狀語在前,依次為方式狀語、地方狀語、時間狀語、原因、結(jié)果、目的等狀語。如:
(113)He went hastily away. 他匆匆而去。(方式狀語位于地點狀語之前)
(114)I stayed thee for three weeks. 我在那里待了三個星期。(地點狀語位于時間狀語之前)
(115)She had lived in poverty for thirty years. 她在貧困中生活了30年。(方式狀語位于時間狀語之前)
(116)She kept writing letters feverishly in her study all afternoon. 她在書房里興奮地寫了一下午信。(方式狀語在前,依次是地點狀語和時間狀語)
(117)He said that she was arrested under security legislation for contravening a restriction order. 他說她是由于違反了限制行動的命令根據(jù)安全法被捕的。(方式狀語后接原因狀語)
(118)He is one of 50 workers sent by Beijing’ Lido Hotel to Tibet to train local staff. 北京麗都飯店派往西藏工人50名,以給當?shù)嘏嘤柭毠ぃ瞧渲兄弧?方式狀語在前,后接地點狀語,最后是目的狀語)
句子狀語是修飾或連接句子的狀語。這類狀語又可分為兩種:一種是說明或評說全句的,另一種是用以連接句子的。
說明或評說性句子狀語多放在句首或句中:有時也可以放在句末,但其前多有逗號。如:
(119)Frankly, I don’t like it. 坦白地說,我不喜歡它。(亦可說I don’t like it, frankly。但如說She admitted it frankly,其意則是:她坦率地承認了這一點)
(120)Of course I remember you. 我當當然記得你。(也可以說I remember you, of course.)
(121)Can you simply show us and not try to explain it? 你可以只給我們看看而不必進行解說嗎?
(122)You’re just talking nonsense, Oliver. 你全是在胡說,奧利弗。
(123)I don’t want the money, confidentially. 作為機密,我不要這筆錢。
前面提到的表示不定頻度的副詞,如置于謂語動詞(或主要動詞)或表語之前,也常用作句子狀語。
表否定的副詞not,never,hardly,seldom等,如放在謂語(或主要動詞)或表語之前,亦是這一種句子狀語,如:
(124)You mustn’t smoke. 你可不要吸煙。(not所否定的不單是must,而是全句)
(125)She is never angry. 她從不生氣。
(126)I hardly know him. 我?guī)缀醪徽J識他。(試比較:Hardly anyone likes him.幾乎沒有什么人喜歡他。)
(127)He seldom comes late. 他很少遲到。
但需要強調(diào)助動詞和連系動詞時,則須將句子狀語放在它們之前。如:
(128)I really must go. 我真的必須走。(強調(diào)助動詞must)
(129)I always am careful. 我總是小心的。(強調(diào)連系動詞am)
[注]上述句子狀語一般亦須置于句子或從句末的助動詞和連系動詞之前。如:
①—Must you go today? 你今天必須走嗎?
—Yes, I really must. 是的,我確實必須走。
?、赥hat’s where she usually is at this time of day. 每天這時她通常都在那里
疑問句中的疑問詞被強調(diào)時,其后可用句子狀語ever,on earth,in the world等。如:
(130)Who ever is that man? 那個人究竟是誰?
(131)Why on earth are you studying Latin? 你究竟為什么學拉丁語呢?
(132)What in the world has happened? 到底出了什么事?
表示憤怒時疑問詞后可用the devil,the hell等句子狀語。如:
(133)What the devil are you doing? 你究竟在干什么?
(134)What the hell do you want? 你到底要干嗎?
連接句子狀語一般皆置于句首,如:
(135)He was too ill to stay. Accordingly we sent him home. 他病重不能久留,于是我們把他送回了家。
(136)Thus we see that plants need light. 因此我們看到植物需要光。
(137)Mrs. Brown came, likewise Mrs. Smith. 布朗太太來了,史密斯太太也來了。
(138)My brother was taught to read by my mother, and similarly, so was I. 我的兄弟識字是母親教的,同樣,我也是。
(139)Incidentally, where were you last night? 順便問一下,你昨晚在哪兒啦?
(140)I don’t want to go skating; moreover, the ice is too thin. 我不想去溜冰,再說冰也太薄。
(141)He said he was certain. However, he was wrong. 他說他肯定。然而他錯了。
(142)The book is not a masterpiece—still, I like it. 這本書不是杰作,但我仍然喜歡它。
(143)In that case some one else will come. 如是這樣,會有別人來的。
(144)At any rate he can not be as old as that. 不管怎樣,他不可能有那么大年紀。
(145)You think me rich, but on the contrary I am very poor. 你以為我有錢,但恰恰相反,我是很窮的。
(146)She says we could use her car, and what’s more, she’ll pay for the petrol. 她說我們可以用她的車,而且她還愿付汽油費。
[注]有些連接句子的副詞已變?yōu)檫B詞,如than,therefore,hence,nevertheless等。
14.12 獨立成分
與全句沒有語法關系的句子成分叫做句子的獨立成分(independent element)??捎米鳘毩⒊煞值耐ǔS腥N詞語,即感嘆語、呼語和插入語。
1)感嘆語,多置于句首,有的亦可置于句中或句末。如:
(1)Oh, John, will you come into my room, please? 噢,約翰,請你到我房間里來好嗎?
(2)There, there! Don’t cry. 好啦,好啦,別哭啦。
(3)Why, the cage is empty! 啊唷,鳥籠是空的!
(4)Help arrived, alas, too late. 哎呀,援助來晚了。(alas亦可置于句末)
(5)You’re joking, eh? 你是開玩笑,是吧?
2)呼語,可置于句首、句末或句中。如:
(6)John, you are wanted on the phone. 約翰,有你的電話。
(7)Comrades, may I have your attention, please? 同志們,請注意。
(8)Good-bye, everybody! 大伙兒再見!
3)插入語指插在句中的詞語。如:
(9)The peasant woman receives nothing, since whatever she earns is the property—as she herself if —of the husband who has bought her as his wife. 農(nóng)民婦女一無所得,因為她所掙得的——像她本人一樣——都歸將她買來做妻子的丈夫。
(10)The writer tells us that the war lasted from 939(sic) to 1945! 那位作者(竟然)告訴我們說這次戰(zhàn)爭從939年(確實如此說的)延續(xù)到1945年!
(11)Business, he reflected, appeared as brisk as ever. 他地想,生意似乎一直很興隆。(he reflected亦可看作是句子狀語)