[初中]全新英語語法12-9 時態(tài)的呼應

在英語中，不同時間里發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，謂語動詞要用不同的形式來表示，謂語動詞的這種不同形式稱為動詞的時態(tài)。

英語中有8種基本時態(tài)，其中4種現(xiàn)在時態(tài)，對應4種過去時態(tài)。4種現(xiàn)在時態(tài)是：一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)；現(xiàn)在進行時態(tài)；一般將來時態(tài)；現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)。他們對應的4種過去時態(tài)是：一般過去時態(tài)；過去進行時態(tài)；過去將來時態(tài)；過去完成時態(tài)。

12-9 時態(tài)的呼應

在含有從句的復合句中，主從句的時態(tài)要求遵循一定的規(guī)則，既保持協(xié)調，又相互照應。

1.主句和賓語從句的時態(tài)呼應

（1）在含有賓語從句的復合句中，主句是現(xiàn)在時態(tài)或將來時態(tài)時，賓語從句的謂語動詞可用所需要的任何適當的時態(tài)。如：

I think Tom is ill today.我認為湯姆病了。（主句一般現(xiàn)在時，從句一般現(xiàn)在時）

I think Tom has gone to the doctor's.我認為湯姆已經去看醫(yī)生了。（主句一般現(xiàn)在時，從句現(xiàn)在完成時）

I think Tom went to the doctor's yesterday.我認為湯姆昨天去看醫(yī)生了。（主句一般現(xiàn)在時，從句一般過去時）

（2）當主句的謂語動詞是過去時，賓語從句中的謂語動詞也要用過去的某種時態(tài)。如：

Mr.Smith told me that he would come to our school.史密斯先生告訴我他要來我們學校。（主句一般過去時，從句過去將來時）

Mr.Smith told me that he didn't know the news.史密斯先生告訴我他不知道那個消息。（主句一般過去時，從句一般過去時）

Mr.Smith told me that he had known the news already.史密斯先生告訴我他已經知道那個消息了。（主句一般過去時，從句過去完成時）

注意：

如果從句敘述的是客觀真理或不可改變的事實，雖然主句用了過去時態(tài)，但從句仍用一般現(xiàn)在時。如：Mr.Smith told me that children under 18 in his country cannot buy alcohol.史密斯先生告訴我在他的國家18歲以下的孩子不能買酒。

2.主句與狀語從句的時態(tài)呼應

在含有時間狀語從句和條件狀語從句的復合句中，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時，主句要用一般將來時，祈使句或含有情態(tài)動詞的句子。如：

You'll make progress if you keep working hard.如果你繼續(xù)努力你就會取得進步。

Don't get off the bus until it has stopped.直到車停穩(wěn)再下車。

3.主句與定語從句的時態(tài)呼應

在含有定語從句的復合句中，主句的時態(tài)有時也決定從句的時態(tài)。如果主句的時態(tài)是現(xiàn)在時態(tài)，從句可根據實際需要確定時態(tài)，如果主句用了過去時態(tài)，定語從句一般也用過去時態(tài)。如：

This is the person I met yesterday.這就是昨天我遇見的那個人。

This is the person who will give us a lecture tomorrow.這就是明天要給我們作報告的那個人。

This was the person who would give us a lecture the next day.這就是第二天要給我們作報告的那個人。

【中考速遞】

1.[上海中考考題] This medicine _____ millions of people's lives since it was put into use.

A.is saving B.will save C.has saved D.had saved

2.[北京中考考題] — Where did you go last weekend？

— I _____ to the Great Wall.

A.go B.went C.will go D.have gone

3.[云南昆明中考考題] Look！A dog _____ a blind man across the road.

A.leads B.lead C.is leading D.led

4.[吉林中考考題] Steve _____ TV in the living room when his mother came in.

A.was watching B.watches C.is watching

5.[河南中考考題] Everyone wants to reach the top of the mountain，but all the happiness happens while you _____ it.

A.climb B.climbed C.are climbing D.have climbed

6.[山東濟南中考考題] — Does Jimmy still work as a driver？

— No.He has _____ for two years.

A.left the company B.gone to Shanghai

C.studied in college D.lost his job

7.[河北中考考題] Just go down this road and you _____ the library next to the bank.

A.see B.saw C.have seen D.will see

8.[湖北武漢中考考題] — Sorry，Tom.I can't find the book you _____ me.

— It's OK.I don't need it any more.

A.lend B.have lent C.will lend D.lent

【答案點撥】

1.答案：C 句意：自從這款藥品投入使用以來，它挽救了許許多多人的生命。由時間狀語since it was put into use可知，句子用現(xiàn)在完成時，故選C。

2.答案：B 句意：“你上周去哪了？”“我去長城了”由last weekend 可知句中的謂語動詞用一般過去時。故選 B。

3.答案：C 句意：看！一只狗正帶領著一個盲人過馬路。由句首的Look可知句子用現(xiàn)在進行時，故選C。

4.答案：A 句意：當媽媽進來時，Steve正在起居室看電視。When引導時間狀語從句用一般過去時，主句用過去進行時。故選A。

5.答案：C 句意：每個人都想到達山頂，但所有的快樂都發(fā)生于你在攀爬的過程中。while引導的時間狀語從句用進行時，故選C。

6.答案：C 句意：“吉米仍然是一名司機嗎？”“不。他已經在大學里學習兩年了?！庇蒮or two years可知用完成時，動詞要用延續(xù)性動詞。故選C。

7.答案：D 句意：沿著這條街走，緊挨著銀行你會就看到圖書館。在“祈使句+and+陳述句”結構中，陳述句要用將來時，故選D。

8.答案：D 句意：“真抱歉，湯姆，我找不到你借給我的那本書了。”“沒關系，我不再需要它了?！庇删湟饪芍?，“你借給我的那本書”是過去發(fā)生的事情，用一般過去時。故選D。

【語法專練 體驗中考】

1.[云南考題] — Can John play soccer with us，Mrs.Black？

— One moment，please.He _____ on the phone to his cousin.

A.talks B.talked C.talking D.is talking

2.[山東濟南] Sun Hai _____ his mother make dinner when his father got home from work.

A.was helping B.helps C.helped D.is helping

3.[廣東考題] School violence（暴力）_____ much attention of the whole society and people are calling the government to make laws against it as early as possible.

A.drew B.will draw C.has drawn D.was drawing

4.[湖北武漢] — Who is that lady？

— She's Miss Green.She _____ us music，and she is so good.

A.taught B.teaches C.will teach D.is teaching

5.[呼和浩特] — I have to be off right now.

— What a pity！I _____ you could stay a little longer with us.

A.thought B.am thinking C.think D.have thought

6.[江西考題] The water _____ dark and dirty.It's no longer safe to drink.

A.become B.has become C.will become D.was become

7.[青?？碱}] — It's a great pity that the famous football player has gone to another club.

— Don't worry！They _____ another top star recently.

A.buy B.bought C.have bought

8.[黑龍江哈爾濱] — Could you tell me where you found Miss Gao just now？

— Certainly.In the principal's office.They _____ happily at that time.

A.are talking B.have talked C.were talking

9.[江蘇鎮(zhèn)江] The engineers _____ a new computer in our classroom the whole yesterday morning，so we had our classes in the school hall.

A.were fixing B.fixed C.have fixed D.are fixing

10.[湖北荊州] — Are you going to watch “Running Man” tonight？

— No！I _____ it with my parents only once.I don't think it's exciting.

A.see B.have seen C.will see D.am seeing

11.[遼寧沈陽] I think it is true that Jill _____ to work today because she is on a trip.

A.has come B.didn't come C.is coming D.will not come

12.[湖南張家界] — _____ you ever _____ the history museum，Paul？

— No，I haven't.

A.Do；visit B.Did；visit C.Have；visited

13.[湖北黃岡] — Where are you going，Bob？

— To go hiking.Eric _____ for me at the school gate！

A.was waiting B.waits C.waited D.is waiting

14.[江西考題] — May I speak to Mrs.Black？

— Sorry，Mum can't come to the phone now.She _____ a shower.

A.has B.had C.is having D.was having

15.[湖北黃石] Many scientists believe that robots _____ able to talk like humans in 50 years.

A.were B.are C.will be D.have been

16.[天津考題] — What a nice watch！How long _____ you _____ it？

— For just two weeks.

A.will；buy B.have；had

C.were；having D.did；buy

【答案速遞】

1.D 2.A 3.C 4.B 5.A 6.B 7.C 8.C 9.A 10.B 11.D 12.C 13.D 14.C 15.C 16.B