托福閱讀之生命起源

小編導(dǎo)語：針對(duì)托?？荚囍谐霈F(xiàn)過不少關(guān)于生命起源的話題，小編為大家?guī)黻P(guān)于生命起源的托福閱讀材料。

There is no truly "standard" model of the origin of life. But most currently accepted models build in one way or another upon a number of discoveries about the origin of molecular and cellular components for life, which are listed in a rough order of postulated emergence:

1. Plausible pre-biotic conditions result in the creation of certain basic small molecules (monomers) of life, such as amino acids. This was demonstrated in the Miller-Urey experiment by Stanley L. Miller and Harold C. Urey in 1953, although it is now generally held that their laboratory conditions did not reflect the original Earth's atmosphere.

2. Phospholipids (of an appropriate length) can spontaneously form lipid bilayers, a basic component of the cell membrane.

3. The polymerization of nucleotides into random RNA molecules might have resulted in self-replicating ribozymes (RNA world hypothesis).

4. Selection pressures for catalytic efficiency and diversity result in ribozymes, which catalyse peptidyl transfer (hence formation of small proteins), since oligopeptides complex with RNA to form better catalysts. Thus the first ribosome is born, and protein synthesis becomes more prevalent.

5. Protein out-compete ribozymes in catalytic ability, and therefore become the dominant biopolymer. Nucleic acids are restricted to predominantly genomic use.

There are many different hypotheses regarding the path that might have been taken from simple organic molecules to protocells and metabolism. Many models fall into the "genes-first" category or the "metabolism-first" category, but a recent trend is the emergence of hybrid models.

The origin of the basic biomolecules, while not settled, is less controversial than the significance and order of steps 2 and 3. The basic chemicals from which life was thought to have formed are commonly held to be methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3), water (H2O), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbon dioxide (CO2) or carbon monoxide (CO), and phosphate (PO43-). Molecular oxygen (O2) and ozone (O3) typically are considered to have been either rare or absent.

As of 2007, no one had yet synthesized a "protocell" using basic components that would have the necessary properties of life (the so-called "bottom-up-approach"). Without such a proof-of-principle, explanations have tended to be short on specifics. However, some researchers working in this field have argued that a "top-down approach" is more feasible. One such approach involves engineering existing prokaryotic cells with progressively fewer genes, attempting to discern at which point the most minimal requirements for life were reached. The biologist John Desmond Bernal coined the term biopoesis for this process, and suggested that there were a number of clearly defined "stages" that could be recognized in explaining the origin of life.

本文中中難點(diǎn)詞匯解析：

molecular ：adj. [化學(xué)] 分子的;由分子組成的

例句：You do not get this line from molecular hydrogen.
從氫分子中我們得不到這種光線。

demonstrated ：演示、展現(xiàn)

例句：Have they, for example, demonstrated a commitment to democracy?

例如，他們展現(xiàn)了對(duì)民主的奉獻(xiàn)嗎?

Phospholipids：n. 磷脂質(zhì)

例句：What drove the transition from such membranes to modern ones, which are based on the more complex phospholipids?
這種的簡(jiǎn)單膜結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變成現(xiàn)代的基于磷脂的版本是由什么驅(qū)使的?

oligopeptides：n. [生化] 寡肽(oligopeptide的復(fù)數(shù));寡生肽

例句：This paper reports preparation process of high Fischer ratio oligopeptides from corn gluten meal ( CGM ) by subtilisin and carboxypeptidase from Aspergillus oryzae in brief.
本文簡(jiǎn)述了酶法水解玉米醇溶蛋白制備高F值寡肽的主要工藝步驟。

predominantly：adv. 主要地; 顯著地

例句：So, those are the reasons predominantly why people cannot get out themselves.
這就是人們?yōu)槭裁礋o法從利比亞撤出的主要原因。

progressively ：adv. 漸進(jìn)地; 日益增多地

例句：Remember to take it easy, and your skill will progressively grow.
請(qǐng)記住，這些需要慢慢來，你的技能將逐步增長(zhǎng)。