托福閱讀如何看穿陷阱題型？易錯(cuò)題應(yīng)對(duì)思路實(shí)例分析

　　托福閱讀對(duì)考生的邏輯思維分析能力以及對(duì)文章內(nèi)容的深度理解有較高要求，因此考生即便能夠粗淺地看懂文章，也絕不能在解題的時(shí)候掉以輕心，否則就會(huì)落入自以為懂了卻還是做不對(duì)題目的陷阱當(dāng)中。下面小編就為大家實(shí)例分析托福閱讀陷阱題中的偷換概念類題目。

　　托福閱讀偷換概念陷阱題實(shí)例講解

　　托福閱讀想要取得高分，我們一定要警惕其中的陷阱題型，比如偷換概念題。下面我們一起來(lái)看一道題：

　　例題：

　　Paragraph 5: Even the kind ofstability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated withmaximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is oftenfound in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwoodforest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individualsgrowing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, doesnot ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest thatdiversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in fact. Amore complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system tobreak down. A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than achild’s tricycle.

　　Which of the following can be inferredfrom paragraph 5 about redwood forests?

　　A. They become less stable as theymature.

　　B. They support many species when theyreach climax.

　　C. They are found in temperate zones.

　　D. They have reduced diversity duringmid-successional stages.

　　思路解析：

　　推斷題(inference question)和事實(shí)信息題、否定信息題一樣，以“找關(guān)鍵詞+定位”為切入點(diǎn)。本題的關(guān)鍵詞是redwood forest, 回到原文定位到第三句：Once a redwoodforest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individualsgrowing on the forest floor are reduced. 這句話的意思是：例如，紅杉樹(shù)林一旦成熟，其中的物種數(shù)量以及單個(gè)物種的數(shù)量都會(huì)減少。

　　看懂了這句話的我們立即迫不及待的去搜索選項(xiàng)，卻發(fā)現(xiàn)這句話的內(nèi)容是無(wú)法與任何選項(xiàng)匹配的。于是，我們意識(shí)到，只閱讀這句話的信息量是不夠的，我們需要關(guān)注推斷題定位范圍的放大現(xiàn)象。關(guān)注到本句中有個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞：for example, 意味著本句是例子，一定和前句的內(nèi)容相關(guān)。所以我們來(lái)看前句： At least intemperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages,not in the climax community. 至少在溫帶地區(qū)，會(huì)經(jīng)常在演替過(guò)程中發(fā)現(xiàn)最多物種，而不是在頂極群落中。發(fā)現(xiàn)三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中關(guān)鍵詞climax,temperate, mid-successional stages在原文中都可以找到對(duì)應(yīng)，并且B，D選項(xiàng)都與這句話所敘述內(nèi)容相反可以很容易排除。

　　接下來(lái)我們來(lái)看C選項(xiàng)：They are foundin temperate zones. 有很多同學(xué)就卡在這里了，他們認(rèn)為原文說(shuō)在溫帶地區(qū)，最多物種是在演替過(guò)程中，而不是在頂級(jí)群落，說(shuō)明物種多樣性和溫帶地區(qū)相關(guān)，沒(méi)有證據(jù)表明redwood forest和溫帶地區(qū)相關(guān)，于是很多同學(xué)在糾結(jié)之后選到了A選項(xiàng)： They become lessstable as they mature. 當(dāng)它們成熟的時(shí)候它們變得更不穩(wěn)定了。這類同學(xué)認(rèn)為Once a redwood forest matures, forexample, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on theforest floor are reduced.紅杉樹(shù)林一旦成熟，其中的物種數(shù)量以及單個(gè)物種的數(shù)量都會(huì)減少，然后想當(dāng)然的認(rèn)為物種減少就代表穩(wěn)定性降低，但是我們仔細(xì)讀第一句：Even the kindof stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated withmaximum diversity. 即使是這種被定義為簡(jiǎn)單地缺乏變化的穩(wěn)定性并非總是與最多樣的物種聯(lián)系起來(lái)。簡(jiǎn)單來(lái)說(shuō)，本句表達(dá)的含義是：穩(wěn)定性和最大多樣性是沒(méi)有關(guān)聯(lián)的，所以不能選A。

　　實(shí)際上這道題是典型的主題+例證類推理題，例子是來(lái)說(shuō)明主題的，所以例子的特征應(yīng)該是與主題中所描述的特征一致的，即redwoodforests are found in temperate zones.

　　所以，同學(xué)們一定要警惕片面的追求選項(xiàng)和原文間信息的匹配，忽略了“選項(xiàng)首先對(duì)問(wèn)題負(fù)責(zé)”這一基本的答題態(tài)度，最終導(dǎo)致學(xué)生根本無(wú)法識(shí)別ETS命題組精心編織的偷換概念類的選項(xiàng)特征。