VOA慢速英語: 科學(xué)家利用聲波發(fā)現(xiàn)大橋或者飛機(jī)上存在的裂縫

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On August 1, 2007, a steel bridge in Minneapolis, Minnesota, collapsed,sending people and vehicles into the Mississippi River. Thirteen people diedand more than 140 others were injured.

The bridge collapse took place during rush hour -- when a lot of cars andtrucks were on the road. Investigators found that undersized metal parts of the bridge simply could not support the heavy load.

Finding hidden cracks and other weak areas in large structures can be thedifference between life and death. Researchers in Britain say they havediscovered a new way to identify cracks inside metal parts before they fail.Their method involves using sound imaging.

Anthony Croxford leads the team of scientists at Bristol University. Theybegin their research by sending hundreds of different ultrasonic waves into astructure. Then, Mr. Croxford says, they listen and study echoes of the soundwaves to identify the smallest cracks.

"It lets you see smaller cracks, closed cracks, so when I say closed cracks,you can magine if you have a crack in a piece of metal, it could be a bit openlike that, it could have a gap in between it. If you have a gap in between it, youget reflections off the edge of it, but you don't really know how big it is."

Sound Imaging Used to Find Hidden Cracks in Infrastructure

Anthony Croxford says this method is unlike a purely linear system. A linearsystem creates echoes, or similar versions, of the sound wave sent into thematerial. In other words, you would hear the same frequency coming backfrom the object. Mr. Croxford says his ‘phased array' system of sending outsound waves returns harmonics -- echoes of different frequencies.

"The nonlinear approach means that you can actually hear something fromthem, you're listening to different effects, rather than listening for just that echofrom the crack."

Mr. Croxford tested the system on part of a wing from a passenger airplane, an Airbus A320 aircraft. A linear system would not be able to identify cracksforming around the rivet openings. Openings that large would create one bigecho.

"By using this novel approach we can now pick up a crack close to a hole,which is directly relevant, to say, aerospace applications, where they'reworried about cracks growing from rivet holes, things like that."

He says the phased array system uses only one piece of equipment to getboth a linear and nonlinear image.

The technology could help safety inspectors get more detailed estimates ofdamage in materials like aircraft parts and bridge supports. The damagedmaterials could then be replaced before they fail.

I’m Jonathan Evans.

VOA’s George Putic researched and prepared this report. Jonathan Evanswrote the story for Learning English. The editor was George Grow.

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Words in This Story

crack – n. a very small space or opening between two things or two parts of something

rivet – n. a special kind of metal bolt or pin that is used to hold pieces of metal together

rush hour – n. a time during the day early in the morning or late in the afternoon when many people are traveling on roads to get to work or to get home from work

ultrasonic – adj. used to describe sounds that are too high for human beingsto hear